1、高级英语笔译,An Advanced Course of English Translation,许宁云,博士 副教授,主讲人：,; 13564764739,QQ:1271567950,英汉翻译技巧,视点转换与句子结构的转换,第五讲,视点转换 视点转换法是指译者在充分理解原文的基础上，突破语言外壳，改变对原文的思索方向，从另一个角度来表达原文含义，使译文语言更加地道顺畅地体现原文的表达效果。从广义上来说，视点转换法包括正说和反说转换、相对性的转换、词类转换、语态转换、句子成分转换，等等。这里重点介绍前两种转换方式：,一、正说和反说的转换由于英汉两种语言的思维逻辑、表达习惯不同，英语里有些从正面
2、表达的词语或句子，译成汉语时，反而从反面表达更符合汉语习惯，而英语里有些从反面表达的词语或句子，译成汉语时则从正面表达更通顺。如：,Western society (about 1.2 billion people) cannot bring the remaining 5.1 billion people in less developed countries up to the Western consumptive standard of living without exhausting the earths resources. 译文一：西方社会约有亿人口。要让欠发达国家的亿人口都达
3、到西方消费型的生活标准，必然会把地球的资源消耗殆尽。（正说） 译文二：西方社会约有亿人口。要让欠发达国家的亿人口都达到西方消费型的生活标准，不可能不把地球的资源消耗殆尽。（反说）,例1：It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.开这么高的价，简直是敲竹杠。（反说正译）,例2：Law is no respecter of persons. 法律面前，人人平等。（反说正译） 例3：Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the ga
4、rage. 他突然听见后面有声响，意识到车库里还有别人。（反说正译）,例4：Please tender exact fare. 恕不找钱。（正说反译） 例5：Keep off the lawn! 请勿践踏草地！（正说反译）,常需要正说反译的词和短语有：动词fail，grudge，miss，deny，形容词last，short，absent，final，介词beyond, past, against, off, from, but, except，固定搭配far from，tooto，wiserthan，live up to ones expectations，divert attention
5、from，be at a loss，rather than以及neither, seldom, rarely, differently等表示否定的词，等等。,常需要反说正译的词和短语有：含no或not的一些短语，如：no less than，no lessthan，no other than，none other than，nothing but，no choice but，以及一些带有否定词缀的词，如：carelessly，dislike，unpleasant，等等。 总之，无论是采取正说反译法还是反说正译法，都应从翻译的实际需要出发，真正达到明确语义、加强修辞及符合汉语习惯的目的。,二、相
6、对性的转换 英汉翻译中，有时很难从字面上找到完全对等的译入语词汇。此时，不妨跳出原文形式，不落窠臼，换个角度，利用事物的相对性来表达原文。如： 例6：riot police 防暴警察（而非暴乱的警察） 例7：crisis law 反危机法案（而非危机法案） 以上两例均从对立面入手，既表达了原文的真正含义，又符合汉语的表达习惯。又如：,例8：Her parents are both in their seventies. 她父母都已年过古稀。（时间相对） 例9：He lived in a room with a southern exposure. 他住的是一间北屋。（空间相对）,例10：She
7、 has been a widow only six months, and it is too soon for her to remarry. 她丈夫去世才不过半年，就要改嫁，未免太快了。（因果相对）,例11：Blossom Jackson will never forget that November night when at ten minutes to nine her sister-in-law pounded on the door of her small Brooklyn house screaming 布劳森杰克逊永远忘不了那天晚上的情景。那是十一月份的一个晚上，差十分九
8、点，孩子他姑在纽约布鲁克林区他们小小的住宅前使劲敲门，一边喊道（关系相对）,His name slipped from my memory. 我一时想不起他的名字了。 Two of a trade can never agree. 同行是冤家。 We went no further than the bridge. 我们走到桥边就停下来。,There is nothing in his house but bare walls. 他家徒四壁。 No pains, no gains. 一份耕耘，一份收获。,句子结构的转换 在翻译较复杂的长句时我们要运用到多种翻译技巧，有时通过词的引申、词性的转换
9、或句子成分的转换还是不能确切表达原文的含义，这时就要突破原文的形式，改变句子的整个结构，使之既忠实于原文的意义又符合汉语的表达习惯。这是英译汉时不可缺少的一个手段，下面举例说明常用的句子结构的转换法：,(1). 成分分译法。即把原文中较长的句子成分，或不易安排的句子成分分出来另作处理，一般译为汉语短语或独立句。如： The very short wavelengths of ultrasound make a great difference in what ordinary sound waves can do. 译文：超声波的波长极短，其功能与普通声波相比大不相同。（主语分译）,A lit
10、tle yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. 译文：一个要饭的，身材短小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸短髭。（定语分译）,Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 译文：她期待着会有某些奇迹般的解决方法，这是不合情理的事。（状语分译）,(2). 句子变换法。主要包括几下几种方法： A. 把原文中的两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句，如： His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in
11、the north of Italy near the sea. 译文：他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨做小生意。,B. 把原文中的主从复合句(complex sentence)译成单句。如： One must study hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 译文：一个人必须勤学苦练，才能精通一种外国语。,C. 把定语从句译成状语从句。如： The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to tal
12、k to or to hear from. 译文：大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特地想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。（表原因）,He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. 译文：他坚持要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。（表让步） There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 译文：这方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有气势，所以他们都很喜欢。（表结果）,课堂练习,A World
13、Bank report released at the time of the conference, which ended on 10 November, insists that vietnams overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing. 在月日结束的巴黎会议上披露了一份世界银行的报告。该报告反复强调越南经济的全面增长将更加倚重于其本国的政策，而并非外来资金的数额大小。,Then there are some backpackers, who
14、in midsummer walk with their packs on their backs to the bottom of the Grand Canyon, regardless of the warning that the temperature is many degrees higher on the floor of the canyon, one mile down, than it is on the rim.,还有一些背包客，背着行囊，冒着酷暑，径直走进大峡谷的底部。虽然早有人警告说一千米以下的谷底温度比谷沿要高出许多，这群背包客却全然不当回事。,The Greek
15、s, when they developed competitive games, divided them into two categories. Neither offered money prizes. 希腊人发展了竞技体育，把它分为两类，均不提供奖金。,课后作业：,1. They could accept this suggestion with dignity. 2. He came back with no hope on his face. 3. tried hard not to lose a word of what he said.,一、将下面的句子译成汉语(使用视点转换
16、),二、将下面的短文译成汉语 (使用结构转换),The drugstore was beginning to close for the night. Young Alfred Higgins, who worked in the store was putting on his coat, getting ready to go home. On his way out, he passed Mr. Carr, the little gray-haired man who owned the store. Mr. Carr looked up at Alfred as he passed, and said in a very soft voice, “Just one moment, Alfred. One moment before you go.“ Mr. Carr spoke so quietly that he worried Alfred.,
