1、商务跨文化交际,云南大学 英语系 杨汨,杨汨 15812147016 (message) ,第一章 基础知识,Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet . John F .Kennedy,Text A: The Nature of Culture 文化像什么？,1. Culture is like an iceberg. 冰山2. Culture is our software. 软件3. Culture is like the water for a fish. 鱼和水4. Culture is the gra
2、mmar of our behavior. 语法,1. Culture Is Like An Iceberg,2. Culture Is Our Software,3. Culture Is Like the Water a Fish Swims In,What does a white sari symbolize in India? And in the West?（白色在不同文化有什么差异？）,CUSTOMS: WHITE DRESS?,WHAT DO THEY REPRESENT?,SYMBOLS 象征着什么,CONCLUSION: CULTURE IS A MANS SECOND N
3、ATUREA WAY OF OVERCOMING VULNERABILITYACQUIRED THROUGH SOCIALIZATIONTHUS, MAN IS THE PRODUCER OF CULTURE AND THE PRODUCT OF CULTURE,成龙代表中国文化吗？,JACKY CHEN,文化与交际 Culture and Communication,它们的关系像旅行者和地图？,If possible, interview a foreign visitor to your country. 遇见外国人，他们爱看昆明的什么？,a. International communic
4、ation,非常仪式化和正式.,United Nations Conference,b. Interethnic communication,各民族间的,c. Interracial communication,各种族间的 非常敏感,d. Intracultural communication,非常和谐？,跨文化交际障碍出现的原因,1. Anxiety and Uncertainty 焦虑,Activity: Questionnaire for the Assessment of Anxiety and UncertaintyThe purpose of this questionnaire
5、is to help you assess the amount of anxiety and uncertainty you generally experience when you communicate with strangers: (Note. You can determine the amount of anxiety and uncertainty you experience when communicating with the “strangers“ in each of the statements.) Respond to each statement by ind
6、icating the degree to which the adjectives are applicable when you interact with strangers. If you never have the experience, answer 1 in the space provided; if you almost never have the experience, answer 2; if you sometimes have the experience and sometimes do not, answer 3; if you almost always h
7、ave the experience, answer 4; if you always have the experience, answer 5. (1) I am not confident when I communicate with strangers.(2) I can interpret strangers behavior when we communicate.(3) I am indecisive when I communicate with strangers.(4) I can explain strangers behavior when we communicat
8、e.(5) I am notable to understand strangers when we communicate.(6) I know what to do when I communicate with strangers.(7) I am uncertain how to behave when I communicate with strangers.(8) I can comprehend strangers behavior when we communicate.(9) I am not able to predict strangers behavior when w
9、e communicate.(10) I can describe strangers behavior when we communicate.To find your scores, first reverse the responses for the even-numbered items (if you wrote 1, make it 5; if you wrote 2, make it 4; if you wrote 3, leave it as 3; if you wrote 4, make it 2; if you wrote 5, make it 1). Next, add
10、 the numbers next to each of the items. Scores range from 10 to 50. The higher your score, the more anxiety and uncertainty you experience when interacting with others.Source: Adapted from W. B. Gudykunst, Bridging Differences, copyright 1994 by Sage Publications. Reprinted by permission of Sage Pub
11、lications.,2. Assuming Similarity Instead of Difference 想当然,A Danish Woman in New York,What can the following two pictures tell us?,We are more alike than unlike . 猫猫和虎虎相似吗？,Attitudinal Problems as Barriers to Intercultural Communication,你会遇到的问题 已经了吗？,1. Ethnocentrism民族中心主义 2. Stereotyping定势思维 3. Pr
12、ejudice偏见 4. Racism种族主义,Attitudinal Problems Include:,1. 民族中心主义 Ethnocentrism,Most other cultures are backward compared with my culture. My culture should be the role model for other cultures. Other cultures should try to be more like my culture. Most people from other cultures just dont know whats
13、good for them. I have little respect for the values and customs of other cultures. Most people would be happier if they lived like people in my culture. People in my culture have just about the best lifestyles of anywhere. Lifestyles in other cultures are not as valid as those in my culture. I do no
14、t cooperate with people who are different. I do not trust people who are different. I dislike interacting with people from different cultures. Other cultures are smart to look up to my culture. Other people are much the same as my people. Our way of doing things is the only right way.,2.定式思维 Stereot
15、yping,What opposing stereotypes do these two images refer to? 下面的图让你想到？,3.偏见 Prejudice,Activity: Expressing Opinions 女强人？女强盗？ What do you think of women in power?,4. 种族主义Racism,Activity: Reflection 你怕黑人吗?,What do you think of the following pictures?,翻译上面的趣事, Pre-reading Task:,motel,lucky dog,landlor
16、d,as wise as an owl,嫦娥奔月,狗仗人势,集体主义,四小龙,Translate the following items:,Group 1: yellow-bellied yellow streak Group 2: break a leg read between the lines hold your horses raining cats and dogs,Group 3: plan a table table a planbook a place place a booklift a thumb thumb a lift,Translate the following
17、items:,Group 4: motel parliament Thanksgiving炕 太极 文化大革命,Translate the following items:,5. Lack of Conceptual Equivalence freedom 自由corruption pupae,Translate the following items:,第二章 非言语交际,There is language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lip, nay, her foot speaks.Shakespeare,nonverbal communication ca
18、n be open to many interpretations. 非言语交际的可能性。很多,This gesture means OK in the U.S and many cultures, while it means zero in France, and means money in Japan.,Definition of Nonverbal Communication,The messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultur
19、al Communication,神马是？,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,RegulatingContradicting .,1. Paralanguage,a. voice set the context in which the speaker is speaking:the situation gendermood age persons cultureb. voice qualities volume pitchtempo rhythmarticulation resonancenasality accentc. voc
20、alization:characterizers qualifiers segregates,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,2. Silence 保持沉默对于东方人来说。,Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of th
21、e silence, and the culture. The use of silence in communication is also important. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contemplation (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meaning
22、s.,What is the basic barrier in the communication between Smith and Li Hua?,1. chronemics(时间行为) 2. proxemics (空间行为),Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Text D Time and Space 时间和空间,1. Chronemics,The sense of time 不同文化对时间的感觉,Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.,Chap
23、ter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,2. proxemics,a. Fixed features of space 固定 b. Semifixed features of space 半固定 c. Personal space 私人空间,空间的感觉也大不相同,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,c. Personal spaceIn the United States Hall reports that psychologists have identified four zones
24、 from which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone. 2. In IndiaIn India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes. 3. In Arab Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans.
25、An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,1. ocuelsics (目光语) 2. olfactics (嗅觉) 3. haptics (触觉行为) 4. kinesics (身势语行为) 5
26、. chromatics (色彩学) 6. attire (服饰）,Text E Other Categories of Nonverbal Communication,5. chromatics 色彩学,Chromatics refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples mood, emotions, and impression of others.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Black is the color of mourning to many Eur
27、opeans andU.S. Americans, but white is worn to funerals in Japan and many other nations. In the United States, white is typically worn by brides while in India, red or yellow is worn. Purple is sometimes associated with royalty, but it is the color of death in many Latin American countries. Red (esp
28、ecially red roses) is associated with romance in some cultures including the United States. Red is not an appropriate color for wrapping gifts in Japan. Dark red is the color of mourning along the Ivory Coast.,Cultural differences associated with colors include 颜色在不同文化中的差异,Chapter6 Nonverbal Intercu
29、ltural Communication,American brides,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Indian brides,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,National flag of the U.S.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,white carnations,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Red carnations
30、,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,6. Attire,服饰,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,讨论,Give interpretations to the following nonverbal behaviors .l An adult pats a childs headl A customer in a restaurant waves his hand over his headl Two women walk hand in hand on the stree
31、t,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,第三章 商务礼仪及禁忌,Live together like brothers and do business like strangers.Arab Proverb Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.Wiliam Butler Yeats There are some remedies worse than the disease. Publilius Syrus,交际和环境 （三原则）Comm
32、unication is rule governed Contexts specify the appropriate rules Rules are cultural diverse,Communication and Context,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,Communication is rule governed,交际受规则控制,the rules differ depending on the context.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,Contexts specify
33、the appropriate rules,规则受环境影响,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,bank,要注意文化差异,funeral,文化与商务,Business negotiation is intertwined with cultural exchange. This really is due to globalization, which is a result of growth in U.S. and foreign multinational industries since the 1960s.,Chapter 8 Cultu
34、ral Influences on Context,管理的差异,“Management” can be viewed differently from culture to culture. 1. Management In China 中国 2.Management in the United States 美国 3. Management in Germany 德国 4. Management in Japan 日本 5.Management in France 法国 6.Management in Mexico and Latin America 拉美,Chapter 8 Cultura
35、l Influences on Context,1.Management In China,Chinese business values emphasize kinship, interpersonal connections, respect for elders, and hierarchy. 就像管娃娃,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,2.Management in the United States,In the United States, the manager is a cultural hero.,Chapter 8 Cult
36、ural Influence on Contexts,牛人王石,3.Management in Germany,In Germany, the manager is not a cultural hero. In fact, Germans do not have a very strong concept of management.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,4.Management in Japan,the Japanese do not share a strong sense of management. For them, t
37、he key component of the organization is the “worker group.” Managers, section chiefs or department heads, value “groupism, harmony, acceptance of hierarchy in work relationships, sense of obligation, debt of lower level personnel to superiors, and consensual decision making.”,Chapter 8 Cultural Infl
38、uence on Contexts,什么都要三鞠躬,5.Management in France,In France, managers act in very superior roles.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,干部,6.Management in Mexico and Latin America,The Mexican and Latin American managerial style has often been characterized as autocratic(独裁的) and paternalistic（家长式作
39、风）.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,Business Etiquette Norms,Appointment seeking 定约会The Date for Business 日期选择Greeting behavior 问好打招呼Gift giving 送礼,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,Appointment seeking,先当朋友在中国 When doing business in China, it is important to establish contacts before
40、 investing in a trip. In much of America, appointments must be made a month in advance by mail or telephone and then followed up one week before the meeting 美国预约要提前 To do business in Saudi Arabia, you must have a sponsor act as an intermediary, make appointment, and arrange meetings. 中东要有媒人,Chapter
41、8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,The Date for Business 很多节日都不能做生意,In Saudi Arabia, no business is conducted during Aid-al-Fitrthe three-day festival of breaking fast at the end of the month of Ramadanand Aid-al-Adhathe three-day feast of sacrifice. In Japan, business is not conducted during New Year
42、s holidays, Golden Week (April 29 to May 5), and Obon (in mid-August), because many people travel to the graves of their ancestors. In Israel, the Jewish holy day, the Sabbath begins at sunset on Friday and ends at sunset on Saturday.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,Greeting behavior 问好打招呼,
43、Chinese people usually offer a brief handshake on meeting, but a more common form of greeting is a nod or bow from the shoulders 握手点头鞠躬 In American, Both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving. A small kiss on the cheek or a hug is appropriate between women or between men and women. 吻和拥抱 I
44、n Saudi Arabia, greetings involve numerous handshakes and tend to be expressive and elaborate 握手 In Finland, firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women. In Finland, it is customary for women to be greeted first. 握手吻脸颊,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,The higher the rank of the
45、 person you are introduced to, the lower you bow. The person of lower rank bows first and lowest. 鞠躬有先后，越低越尊敬,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,hug,kiss,Gift Giving,Most 在美国Americans view 送礼gift giving in the business setting as a form of bribery贿赂, bu
46、t for many cultures, gift giving is a standard part of business.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,Gift giving in China,Cultures Influence on the Health Family and Gender Roles in the Health Care Context Conversational Structures and Language,不同文化谈养生,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,N
47、aturalistic Approach,Illness is explained in systemic terms and occurs when organs in the body (such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys) are out of balance with some aspect of nature.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,Biomedical Approach,People are thought to be controlled by biochemical forces,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,Thank you for your Attention,
