1、Lecture 27 Statement, Question, Command, Exclamation,Introduction,The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical construction. In terms of their communicative functions, sentences may be divided into four types: statement question command exclamation,Statements,In communication, statements (also kn
2、own as “declarative sentences”) are chiefly used to state a fact or non-fact, that is, to affirm or negate something. Thus, statements may be divided into positive statements and negative statements.,Positive statements: In a positive statement, there might be different degrees of certainty about th
3、e truth of the information imparted. to soften the tone: (more polite)I think, I guess, I suppose, I suspect, Im afraid, if Im not mistaken, if I might say so, if you please, if you dont mind (attitudinal disjuncts),to reinforce the statement emphasizersindeed, really, definitely, certainly, for sur
4、e, without any question, without doubt, undoubtedly, virtually, surely, actually reinforcement tagseg. Youve gone mad, you have. double negativeseg. That kind of result is not impossibly.,rhetorical questions: questions in form but statements in meaningA negative rhetorical question is equivalent to
5、 a reinforced positive statement, while a positive rhetorical question to a reinforced negation.Eg. Isnt it lovely weather today?Who doesnt know that?Who cares where you slept?Can anyone doubt the truth of his statement? 修辞问句：强调，声明某观点而不期待对方回答Just because youve failed the first test, is that any reas
6、on to give up?,the use of a stressed operator (in spoken language)eg. I am telling you the truth.You need not lie to me. You did go to that place and many people saw you there.,Negative statements: A statement may be negated by not or other negative words. The negative word not usually appears immed
7、iately after the operator. Operator+not: (contracted form) Id not, hes not I hadnt, he wouldnt,What is negated by not may be the operator or other elements of the sentence. Negation of the operator usually results in a negative, while negation of other elements does not necessarily make a negative s
8、tatement. He wouldnt do it. (negative sentence) He visited her not long ago. (partial negation) No honest man would lie. = An honest man would not lie.,To reinforce negative statements: Shifting the negative word from its normal position to the head of the sentence (subject-operator inversion)Never
9、would he do such a thing. not one/ a single + singular n. not a wink, not a soul, not a finger, not a muscle, never in (all) my life never, never never + auxiliary do some set expressions,Questions,In terms of syntactic structure and communicative function, questions (also known as “interrogative se
10、ntences”) fall into four major types: general question, special question, alternative question and tag question.,General question: (yes-no question) asked for affirmation or negationHave you finished your work yet? (non-assertive word) 中立Have you already finished your work? (assertive word) 肯定意向 Neg
11、ative form: operator + nt + subjectoperator + subject + not Isnt she a doctor? Is she not a doctor? (contracted form: a mixture of positive and negative orientation, annoyance or disappointment; non-contracted form: negative orientation, negative answer),Havent you heard from him already? (assertive
12、 word, positive orientation) Isnt your son a cute boy? (contracted negative question, admiration) (yes-no问句简略问答，be 不能缩写。整句回答会让听者感觉到说话者对问题不满。 否定yes-no问句回答：Dont you have bananas? Yes (we do)/ No (we dont),Did John kiss Mary yesterday? Did John kiss Mary yesterday? Did John kiss Mary yesterday? Did Joh
13、n kiss Mary yesterday? Did John kiss Mary yesterday?,Some/ Any Is there some news? Is there any news? Isnt there some news? Isnt there any news? Is there no news? (希望得到肯定答复/ 开放或中立/ 肯定有/ 早先希望会有),非倒装问句：语调问句（intonation question） （亲密关系存在） A: I just got back from Beijing.B: Did you have a good time there
14、? /B: You had a good time there? （不确定的预设 / 期待肯定预设的证实）No backtalk, you hear? (恐吓),P: Patient D: Doctor P: Ive already had measles. D: Youve had measles? P: Yes, and Ive also had scarlet fever. D: What, youve had scarlet fever, too? P: And Im short-sighted, too. D: Really? Youre short-sighted? P: Yes,
15、 but thats all. D: There isnt really anything else that youve had?,省略问句 （elliptical question）: (Are) you going to the movies? (Has) she been feeling better? (Do) you know Elvis Presley? (Do you) wanna study together?A: People say youre in love. B: Oh, they do? A: Well, are you? (yes-no question),A:
16、People say youre in love. B: Oh, they do? A: Well, are you or arent you? (alternative question)A: People say youre in love. B: Oh, they do? (intonation question) A: People say youre in love. B: Oh, they do? A: Well, you are, arent you? (tag question)A: People say youre in love. B: Me, who with? (wit
17、h wh-word),A: Will you carry these books, please? B: Where to? The library? Your office?A: I hear you every night. B: Hear me what? A: Laughing. (没听到或听不清楚) A: I hear you X-ing every night. B: Hear me what? A: Sleep-walking. (不理解),A: We are going to some nightclub. B: Some what? A: Nightclub. (惊讶)Whe
18、re you been hiding? have What you (Whatcha) doing? are How we going to (gonna) do that? are,Special question: (wh-questions) Are introduced by wh-words: who, whose, which, where, what, when, why, how, etc. Normal order: what happened last night? (subject) Inverted order: what are you doing? To reinf
19、orce special questions:To add ever to the wh-wordWho ever broke the window?To use some intensifying expressions: on earth, the devil, the hell, the goodness, in the world, in heavens name, etc. (emotional feelings of surprise, indignation, etc)What the hell did you do?,否定wh-questions: Who hasnt gott
20、en their assignment back? 中立 What did John say? 中立 What didnt Johan say? 说了许多或还保留一些信息 Why didnt you answer when I called? Why havent I been invited? 指责 Where didnt you go? 你看来到处都去过。 What didnt happen? 看来每件事都发生过。 对没有任何遗漏的状况进行评论,Social functions: (社会用途) 套语 How do you do? What do you do? 介绍 How are you
21、 ? How have you been? Whats up? Whats happening? 问候 How was the X? (e.g., How was the test?) 引出个人反应 Why dont you X? (e.g., Why dont you ask?) 提建议,截短的wh 问句： How about X? (e.g., How about a movie?) 提建议 Why not? 对建议的肯定答复 What now? Now what? 愤怒 How about you? 征求别人看法 How come? What for? Since when? 对别人意见
22、表示质疑 What to do? 表疑惑 What about it? 要求对方说明/扩展,Teacher: So this story is about what? So you have learned about wh-questions? They are used when? They are formed how? They are different form yes/no questions in what ways? 展示型问句： 引导 What is the capital of USA? (也可用倒装),Alternative question:An alternativ
23、e question is one that suggests two or more possible answers for the listener to choose from. Two types: 1. Based on the structure of general question:Is red or pink your favorite color? 2. Based on that of special question:Which color do you like better, red or black? Intonation,-Shall we go by bus
24、 or train?-No. lets call a cab. -Shall we go by bus or train?-By train. -Would you like coffee or tea?-Yes, Im thirsty. Coffee, please. -Would you like coffee or tea?-Coffee, thank you.,Tag question: Extensively used in spoken language Consist of two parts: statement+ question tag Four types：positiv
25、e statement+ negative tagnegative statement+ positive tagpositive statement+ positive tagnegative statement+ negative tag Imperative sentence+ question tag (to soften the imperative tone),-Its a beautiful day, isnt it?-No, its not./ Oh yes, it really is. 确认自己的陈述 -It was Manchester United that won th
26、e cup, wasnt it?-Yes, it was them. / Yes, they did. / No, they didnt. / Oh, I dont know.要求对方做出反应,非正式，单词形式 You arent going, right? You arent going, huh? You are going, no? You are going, O.K.? You are going, eh?,功能： So, therefore, that proves malice恶意, doesnt it? 推断 They keep coming back, dont they?
27、寻求对方一致观点 Science is your favorite subject, isnt it? 请求得到证实 They cant get that big, can they? 怀疑 But that makes a mockery of belief, doesnt it? 表达自己观点,Commands,Commands also known as “imperative sentences” begin with a verb in the imperative mood and express a command, an instruction, a request, a su
28、ggestion, etc. Three kinds: the second person imperativethe first person imperativethe third person imperative,Sit down, will you! Sit down, wont you! Lets sit down, shall we? Will you stop talking, please！ Now will someone call the police. Learn how to behave yourself! (动态动词) Forget it! (dynamic me
29、aning) Mary, give your daddy a kiss! (要听话人实施某行为) Dont get fooled by that man! （被动）,Somebody open the door. Dont anybody move! 散发性祈使句：针对在场的任何一位及每一位。只涉及两个人，则不合适。但可针对某一想象的或你希望的听众： Somebody help me. Mac, open the door. Mac, you open the door. 带呼语的祈使句，第二人称 Somebody, you open the door. () 第三人称,Functions:
30、Help me, please. 发出指令 Have another biscuit. 主动提供 Lets go to a movie tonight. 建议 Close the door, please. 请求 Dont forget Mothers Day. 忠告 Go left at the next corner. 指方向,Do not pick the flowers. 禁止 Watch out! 警告 Add a teaspoon of baking powder to the flour. 表程序 Come in. 邀请 Watch your step.威胁 Have a gre
31、at day! 祝愿,Exclamations,Exclamations, also known as “exclamatory sentences”, refer to a special type of sentence that expresses strong feelings. Ways to express strong feelings: statements, questions, commands, and a phrase or a single word (emphatic intonation, a strengthened stress, a rhetorical t
32、one color, a gesture or facial expression) Two kinds: introduced by WHAT and HOW,Usually the normal order Occasionally a subject-operator inversion is possible when an adverbial, subject complement, or direct object is preposed:How often have I bitterly regretted that day!How strange is his appearance!How rarely do I see you!What magnificent characters does she present in her latest novel!,
