1、动词时态和语态,动词的时态,study,am/is/are studying,have/has studied,have/has been studying,studied,was/ were studying,had studied,had been studying,will study,will be studying,will have studied,will have been studying,would study,would be studying,would have studied,would have been studying,教学大纲要求的常用的8种时态：,高考考点
2、 1时态的替代现象 2时态呼应原则 3现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 4过去完成时的用法 5. 短暂性动词的肯定式不能与时间段连用 6. will/shall do, be going to do, be to do, be about to do与 be doing /do的区别 7.七种特定时态,1. 时态的替代现象 （1） 在时间、条件和让步状语从句中常用一般现在时或现在完成时替代一般将来时；用一般过去时或过去完成时替代过去将来时。 The harder you study, the better results you will get. I wont go swimming if it
3、 rains. Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. He said he would call on me if he had time.,Send my regards to your lovely wife when you _ home. (2006 上海)A. wrote B. will write C. have written D. write As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when _ and see him. （2005 北京）A. you will come B. will yo
4、u comeC. you come D. do you come The house could fall down soon if no one _ some quick repair work. (2004 全国) Ahas done Bis doing Cdoes Dhad done,D,A,C, - _ leave at the end of this month.- I dont think you should do that until _ another job. (2006 北京) A. Im going to; youd found B. Im going to; youv
5、e found CIll; youll found DIll; youd find I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he _ on it for more than an hour. (2006 湖北)A. has been working B. will have worked C. will have been working D. had worked,B,A,(2) 表示去向的动词或起止性动词（come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, tak
6、e off, get off, travel, return, begin, stop, open, close, end, stay等）可用一般现在时表示按时刻表将要发生的动作；现在进行时表示预定的近期所发生的动作；过去进行时表示过去计划、安排好的将来动作。 The train leaves at 4:30 p.m. Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow. I was told the plane was taking off soon. (3) here, there, now, then等开头的倒装句要用一般现在时替代现在时。 Look! Here comes
7、the teacher.(=The teacher is coming.) Listen! There goes the bell. (=The bell is ringing.),(4) before, after, as soon as 本身“先、后”时间明确，可用一般过去时替代过去完成时。 He (had) left before I arrived. After I (had) finished my homework, I went to bed. (5) 若干连续动作，如果其顺序非常清楚，又不强调先后，或用then, and, but等词连接时，无需用过去完成时。 He stood
8、 up, went out of the classroom and soon disappeared in the street. My aunt gave me a watch and I lost it.,(6)think, want, suppose, guess, expect, hope, wish, intend, mean, plan等表示愿望、打算的动词，可用一般过去时替代一般现在时，过去完成时替代一般过去时，表示现在或过去未能实现的打算、愿望、意图等。 I wanted to stay with you, but I have an important meeting to
9、 attend. He had hoped to arrive on time, but his car broke down. (7) make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter等后接宾语从句, so long as 后接条件状语从句时，从句用一般现在时替代一般将来时。 So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment., - Are you still busy? - Yes, I _my work , and it wont take lon
10、g. (2005 浙江)A. just finish B. am just finishing C. have just finished D. am just going to finish She _ her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job. (2004 重庆)A. would come B. has changed C. changed D. was changing Look at the timetable . Hurry up! Flight 4026 _ off at
11、18:20. (2006 四川)A. takes B. take C. will be taken D. has taken,B,C,A,- Yesterdays party was a great success. You should have come. - I _, but an old friend turned up. A. had planned to B. were to go C. may have gone D. would go What were you doing when Tony phoned you？- I had just finished my work a
12、nd _ to take a shower. (2004 天津)A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting,A,D,2 时态呼应原则 含宾语从句的主从复合句，若主句谓语是现在时或将来时，从句谓语可用任何所需要的时态；若主句谓语是过去时，从句谓语要用过去的某种时态（但客观真理、科学事实、格言警句等仍用一般现在时）。 The teacher said he was satisfied with us. I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in prim
13、ary school.,（1）This machine _. It hasnt worked for years. (2006 浙江)A. didnt work B. wasnt working C. doesnt work D. isnt working(2) Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no storm.(2005 辽宁)A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been
14、 called,C,B,3现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 (1) 现在完成时强调过去动作对现在的影响，一般过去时表示过去动作的事实。 I saw the film last week.（看电影是上个星期的事，与现在无关）I have seen the film before.（强调了解电影内容，现在无需再看） （2）现在完成时表示过去开始的动作延续到现在，一般过去时表示过去延续了一般时间的动作已停止。He was a soldier for 3 years.他曾当过三年兵。He has been a soldier for 3 years.他已当兵三年了。,(3) 没有包括“现在”在内或不是截止
15、到“现在”的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用。 China was poor in the past.（in the past不包括“现在”） Great changes have taken place in China in the past 20 years.（是算至“现在”为止） - Where _ the recorder? I cant see it anywhere. - I _ it right here. But now its gone.A. did you put; have put B. have you put; putC. had you put; was puttin
16、g D. were you putting; put,B, Although medical science _ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning. (2006 江苏) A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved Years ago we didnt know this, but recent science_ that people who dont sleep wel
17、l get ill. (2005 广东) A. showed B. will show C. has shown D. is showing I _ in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China.(2006 重庆) A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived,B,C,A,4过去完成时 (1) 把现在完成时的立足点从现在转移到过去。 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动
18、词后的宾语从句。 She said （that）she had never been to Paris. b. 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能” We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.,(2)过去完成时不能孤立使用， 它必须以过去
19、某一时间为基点，即“过去的过去”，因此只有在和过去某时或动作相比较时才用到它。 (1) I was giving a talk to a large group of people the same talk I _ to half a dozen other people. (2006 湖南) A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given (2) The policemans attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _ placed under the Minister
20、s car. A. has been B. had been C. was being D. would be (3) He _ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15. (2005 北京) A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned,C,B,D,5. 瞬间性动词的肯定式现在(过去)完成时不能与段时间状语连用。 He has come to Beijing since last year. He h
21、as lived in Beijing since last year. 他参军三年了。 He has joined the army for 3 years. He has served the army for 3 years. He joined the army 3 years ago. He has been a soldier for 3 years. It is 3 years since he joined the army. 常见的瞬间性动词有：marry, close, die, arrive, fall, leave, go , break, lose, give, jo
22、in, jump, receive, buy, borrow, start, begin, graduate等。,6. will/shall do, be going to do, be to do, be about to do与 be doing /do的区别 （1） shall/will do表示事先未经考虑，而是临时起意的打算、计划，没有主观性，是纯粹的将来动作。这种用法常见于会话中乙听了甲的话之后作出的反应。 I shall/will not be free tomorrow. He will arrive here this evening. -Where is the telep
23、hone book? -Ill go and get it for you . -Youve left the light on. -Oh, so I have. Ill go and turn it off.,(2.) be going to do表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；也可以表示某种可能性，即有迹象表明要发生某事。 He is going to spend his holidays in London. It is going to rain soon. (3) be to do 表示按预定计划、安排即将发生的动作，这个动作发生的时间一
24、般不会很远. I felt excited because I was soon to leave home for the first time.（曾计划要去做，但不表明计划是否被执行） We were to have told you, but you were not in. (表未曾实现的愿望),be to do 还可表示吩咐、要求、命令或禁止他人做某事，或某事注定要发生。 The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. You are not to bring any mobile communication means int
25、o the exam room. This medicine is to be taken three times a day. You are to stay home until your mother comes back. If you are to succeed, you should redouble your efforts.,(4) be about to do表示即刻就要着手进行的动作，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start. The ship is about to leave. （5）be doing/do强调在近
26、期按规定、计划或安排要发生的事。 Do you get off at the next stop? The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m. Are you staying here till next week?, Did you tell Judia about the result. Oh, no, I forgot. I _ her now. (2005 全国卷) A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call (2) What are you going to do this afternoon?
27、- I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _ quite early, so we _ to the bookstore after that. (2005 重庆) A. finished; are going B. finished; go C. finishes; are going D. finishes; go (3) Are you still busy? - Yes, I _ my work, and it wont take long. (05 浙江) A. just finish B. am just fini
28、shing C. have just finished D. am just going to finish,B,C,B,(4) In a room above the store, where a party _ , some workers were busily setting the table. (06 湖南) A. was to be held B. has been held C. will be held D. is being held (6) He said he_me a present unless I_ in doing the experiment. A. had
29、not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeeded C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed.,A,B,7.七种特定时态 （1） 常见的不确定的时间状语，如：lately, recently, just, already, yet, up to now, till now, so far, these days, ever since, since then, for (during, over, in) the past (last, recent)常与现
30、在完成时连用He has been in the lab over the past two weeks. （2） by , by the time 表示“在之前，不迟于”常与完成时连用。 By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. By Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.,（3） 表示“第几次做某事”或在“It is the best (worst, only , most interesting)/ the first (second)+名词+that”结构
31、中，that从句用现在完成时。若is改用was，则用过去完成时。 This (It) is my first time that I have visited China. This (It) is the most interesting film I have ever seen. That(It) is the only book that he has written. That(It) was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.,（4） It is/has been + 一段时间+ since 从句, since从句中
32、用一般过去时;若把is改成was，则since从句中用过去完成时。I have lived here since I came here. It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. （5） 用于hardly/scarcelywhen; no sooner than句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.,（6）
33、 “祈使句+and/and then/or+陈述句”结构中，陈述句谓语用一般将来时。 Use your head and you will find a way. （7） when（这时突然）用作并列连词，前句常用过去进行时或be about to do，后句常用一般过去时。 I was walking along the river when I heard someone crying for help. He was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.,Turn on the television or open a magazine
34、and you _ advertisements showing happy families. (06湖南) A. will often see B. often see C. are often seeing D. have often seeing (2) Did Linda see the traffic accident? - No, no sooner _ than it happened. (2006 天津) A. had she gone B. she had gone C. has she gone D. she has gone (3) I _ along the stre
35、et looking for a place to park when the accident_. (06 安徽) A. went; was occurring B. went ; occurred C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred,A,A,C,(4) By the time Jane get home, her aunt _ for London to attend a meeting. (05 天津) A. will leave B. leave C. will have left D. left,C,every , so
36、metimes, often,now,for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, up to now, in the past years, recently,yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now,the whole morning, all day, from nine to ten last evening when, while,before, by, until, when, after, once,多用在间接引语中表示发生在谓语动作以后的动作,
37、现在时态,过去时态,将来时态,动词语态考点,英语语态用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。,语态的考查是历年高考题命题的热点。从近几年命题看，主要从以下几个方面进行命题。 一、结合动词的基本时态,动词的被动语态的基本形式 ：be + p.p. (过去分词) 其中be随时态、人称的变化而变化。 根据被动语态的基本形式写出下列形式的的被动语态。 1. 一般现在时：_ 2.一般过去时: _ 3.一般将来时: _ 4.现在进行时: _ 5.过去进行时: _ 6.现在完成时: _ 7.过去完成时: _ 8.过去将来时: _ 9.含情态动词: _,is/am/are done,was/
38、were done,will be done,is/am/are being done,was/were being done,has/have been done,had been done,would be done,can/must + be done,被动语态使用的场合1) 不知道或不必要说出动作的执行者；2) 动作的承受者是谈话的中心；3) 由于修辞的需要。,高考真题： （1）The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _ to eat more fruit and vegetab
39、les. （2004上海） A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded,D,（2）With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year. （2005山东） A. is washing away B. is being washed away C. are washing away D. are being washed away （3）Millions of pounds worth of damage _by a
40、storm which swept across the north of England last night. （2005重庆） Ahas been caused Bhad been caused Cwill be caused Dwill have been caused,D,A,（4）The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics _ by 2006. （2004北京） A. has been completed B. has completed C. will have bee
41、n completed D. will have completed (5) Only when your identity has been checked ,_ .（2003上海） Ayou are allowed in Byou will be allowed in Cwill you allow in Dwill you be allowed in,C,D,（6）More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year.(2005上海）A. sent B. were sent C. ha
42、d sent D. had been sent （7）Why did you leave that position? （2005北京） I _ a better position at IBM.A. offer B. offered C. am offered D. was offered,B,D,二、get+过去分词构成的被动语态 英语中除了be+及物动词构成被动语态外，get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态，强调某种动作, 较口语化。 (8) Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may _run over
43、by a car. (2002北京)A. have B. get C. become D. turn （9）Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wont have time to _before the party.(2004全国卷二)A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change,B,A,三、被动语态的省略形式 在when, while, if, unless, though等引导的时间、条件或让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句的主语和be动
44、词。 (10) When_ help, one often says “ Thank you. ” or “ It s kind of you. ” （2005福建）Aoffering Bto offer Cto be offered Doffered,D,四、复合宾语结构 一些感官动词和使役动词后可以用过去分词来表示宾语和过去分词所表示的动作之间存在的动宾关系。 (11) Helen had to shout_ above the sound of the music. （2004全国III） A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard (12) You should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it _often enough. （2005天津）A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained,
