1、虚拟语气重点回顾,2010年4月6日,1. The teacher demanded that the exam _ before eleven. A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished Answer: C 2. She made the demand that the journalists _ at once _ Iraq. A. leave for B. leave to C. left to D. to be left forAnswer: A 3. He is talking so
2、much about America as if he _ there. A. had been B. has been C. was D. has gone Answer: A,4. The young man insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ free. A. did; set B. had done; should be set C. should do; be set D. had done; must be set Answer: B 5. I _ you some money, but I hadnt any on me then. A.
3、 would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent Answer: B,6. The suggestion has been made _ the basketball game _ put off. A. for; to B. that; be C. which; should be D. to; being Answer: B 同位语从句由that 引导 The suggestion that the basketball game (should) be put off has been made. Eg. All
4、is not gold that glitters. He who laughs last laughs best.,7. The order came that the medical supplies _ to Beijing for the SARS soon. A. would be sent B. should send C. be sent D. must be sent Answer:C 8. It is important that we _ wild animals. A. will protect B. should protect C. shall protect D.
5、are protecting Answer:B 9. Had you listened to the doctor, you _ all right now. A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been Answer:C,10. _ any change about the date, please tell me immediately. A. Will there be B. Should there be C. There will be D. There should be Answer:B 11. _ today, he would g
6、et there by Friday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave Answer:C 12. Should it rain, the crops _ . A. would be saved B. would have been saved C. will be saved D. had been saved Answer:C,13. You _ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago. A. would B. should have C. m
7、ay D. have Answer:B 14. He treated me as though/as if _ his own son. A. I am B. I would be C. I was D. I were Answer:D,Lecture 4,Subject verb agreement主 谓 一 致 性 Foreign Languages DepartmentLilyli,主谓一致,主谓一致是指谓语在人称和数上必须和主语的人称和数保持一致。这是英语语法中必须遵循的基本规则，也是英语和汉语区别很大的地方。主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：,二、意义一致,三、就近原则,一、语法一致,一、
8、语法一致 主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式； 主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 例如： I often help him and he often helps me. 我经常帮助他，他也经常帮助我。 We often help each other. 我们经常互相帮助。 The children are taken good care of. 孩子们得到很好的照料。 They have gone to Chengdu. 他们去成都了。,Notes: 不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式、动名词（短语）, 从句作主语，谓语动词用单数；,The work is important.
9、这项工作重要。 The desk is made of wood. To serve the country is our duty.为祖国服务是我们的义务。 What he is doing seems very important.他正在做什么看起来很重要。 Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福。 Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.,And 连接的主语分以下几种情况,and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词有以下两种情况：1). and连接两个或两个以上不
10、同的人或物作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如： He and I are both students of this school.我和他都是这个学校的学生。Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不饶人。,2). 以“and” 连接两个或两个以上的并列主语，如果指的是“同一个”人（事、物、抽象概念），谓语动词用单数，这时and后面的名词前不加冠词。 The president and chairman is visiting the USA.,例如： A).表整体概念的并列结构： bread and butter knife and fork iron and stee
11、l law and order B).配套事物： a watch and chain a needle and thread The knife and fork is on the desk. 刀叉放在桌子上。 Ham and eggs is a good breakfast.火腿肠是一顿好早餐。 A cart and horse was seen in the distance.远处能看见有一套马车。,（4）以“and”或“both and”连接的并列主语，通常作复数用。 What he says and what he does do not agree.他言行不一致。 Both Tom
12、 and I are fond of English.我和汤姆都喜欢英语。,（5）以“and”连接的并列主语，“and”前、后的单数词语都有each，every，many a，no等修饰时，仍作单数用。 Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。 Many a man has done his duty.许多人尽了义务。 （6）主语由“more than one+单名 ”,用单数动词 More than one student is absent from the class today.,a go
13、od（great）many+复名”接复数谓语。 A great many teachers were present at the meeting.许多老师出席了会议。 “more than two（three，）+复名”接复数谓语。 More than one hundred students have attended the concert.不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。,二、意义一致 主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数； 主语形式为复数，而意义为单数，谓语动词用单数。如： The crowd were surrounding the government official.
14、 人群包围了这位政府官员。 Maths is hard to learn. 数学难学。 The statistics show that his estimation is correct.,（1）有些集合名词如：“people，police，cattle（牛，牲口），folk，youth，militia，poultry”，作主语时，谓语动词通常作复数。 The police have caught the murderer.警方已捕获凶手。 Domestic cattle provide us with milk，beef，and hides.牛给我们提供奶、肉和皮子。,（2）有些集合名词如
15、army，audience，company，committee，crew，crowd，staff，family，public，government，group，party，union，couple，population，team等指“整体”时作单数，指其中的“成员”时作复数。 That herd of cows and calves is the healthiest the farm has had in some time.那群牛是农场饲养的最健康的牛。,That herd of cows and calves are moving toward the sheds by twos and
16、 threes. 那群牛三三两两的向牛栏走去。 Our family is a happy one.我们有个幸福的家庭。 The family are early risers.这家人都起得早。 但上述集合名词也可有复数形式，如families，two classes.等。有些变复数形式后意义不同，如：peoples，多个民族；youths，男青年；folks，亲友。 不可数名词的集体名词如machinery，equipment， furniture，随后的动词用单数。 All the machinery in the factory is made in China.,三、就近原则 就近原则
17、即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的主语。 There is a pen and two pencils on the desk.桌子上有一支钢笔和两支铅笔。,2.主语后面带有with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except, including, but 等引导的短语时，谓语动词必须与前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如：1.The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the garden. 老师和同学们正在花
18、园里种树。2.A woman with two children has come.一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。3.I，as well as they，am ready to help you.他们和我都愿意帮助你。,13. the rest of, half of, majority of, part of, a lot of, lots of, one of, a number of, a plenty of, percent of 以及分数词等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面名词的数，即就近原则。如： A part of the students have arrived. 部分学生已
19、到了。 A part of the apple has been eaten by the mouse. 这个苹果的一部分被老鼠吃了。 Only sixty percent of the work was done yesterday. 昨天只干完了60%即3/5的工作。,14. 在表存在的there be 句式中，主语是两个或多个并列名词（短语），be的形式与最近的一个名词（短语）保持一致。There is a pen, two pencils and several books on the desk. =There are two pencils, a pen and several b
20、ooks on the desk. =There are several books, a pen and two pencils on the desk.,15. 由here, there等引导的倒装句中，若主语不止一个时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。如： Here comes the bus and three bicycles. Here is a pen and two books for you.,16. 用连词 or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等连接并列主语时， 谓语动词应与最近的主语保持一致。如： Neither you no
21、r I am wrong.Neither I nor you are wrong. Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.Not only the teacher but also the students enjoy listening to the music.,5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动用单数。 复数代词+ each, 谓语动词用单数。 如：Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有些话要说。,6. 不定代词all, more
22、, some, any, none等 作主语时，谓语动词视情况而定。谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数；但当它指代不可数名词时看作单数，谓语动词用单数。 All the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。 All the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。 None of us are /is perfect. 人无完人。 None of the money is left. 一点钱也没剩下。,7. 复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Someone is calling you. 有人叫你。Nothing is found in the room. 在屋里找
23、不到什么东西。,8. 名词如trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数； 而形复义单的名词如news;以-ics结尾的学科名称如physics, politics, 国名如the United States; 报纸名如the New Times; 书名如Great Expectations(远大前程)；以及the United Nations作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 His politics are negative. 他的政治观点很消极。,（10）以“-ices”结尾的学科名词，如physics，mathemati
24、cs，mechanics，optics，politics，statistics，economics，linguistics，athletics，作单数。 Mathematics seems easy to me.我似乎觉得数学不难。 但是，表“具体的学业、活动”等时，多用作复数。 Her mathematics are weak.她数学差。（指“运算能力”） What are your politics?你的政治观点如何？ The economics of the project are still being considered.这个工程的经济效益正在被考虑。,（11）“works工厂，m
25、eans方法，series系列，species物种，aircraft飞机”等名词单、复数同形，要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。 This means is effective. These means are effective.,如： The scissors are sharp. No news is good news. Great Expectations was written byCharles Dickens in 1860.,9. 集体名词作主语，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数，主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体时用单数，强调整体中的个体的用复数。这类名词有people, f
26、amily, class, population, crowd, team, ground等。 His family is going out. 他们全家要外出。 His family are all music lovers. 他们全家都是音乐爱好者。,10. 有些名词单复数形式相同，作主语时，谓语动词由上下文决定。这类名词有means, deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, fish等。如： Not every means is useful. 并非每种方法都有效。 Not all means are useful.并非所有的方法都有效。,11. 表示一类人的 “
27、the +形容词(分词)”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 The sick in the accident have been taken to the hospital. The lost have been found.,12. 表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语，作“整体”看时作单数用，侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。 Thirty years is not a long time.30年的时间并不长。 Two hours is enough for me to finish the work.两个小时对我来说完成这项工作足够了。 Twenty years is not a long ti
28、me.20年光阴，弹指一挥间。 Twenty years have passed since he left.他离开已20个年头了。,（7）主语由“a/an+单名+ or two”构成，大多接单数谓语：“one or two+复名”接复数谓语。 Only a man or two is needed.只需一两个人。 One or two reasons were suggested.提出一两条理由。 （8）“a/an+单名+ and a half”主语常接单数谓语；“one and a half+复名”多接复数谓语。 A month and a half has passed.一月半已过去了。
29、 One and a half tons of coal are sold.已卖了一吨半煤。,（9）主语由短语“a kind/sort/type+名词”，谓语用单形式。 This kind of apple is sweet.这种苹果甜。 This kind of apples is sweet. 但kind/sort/type前有these/those修饰，同时of-词组中名词为复数，则动词用复数。 These kinds of apples are sweet.,（11）“one of+复数名词+定语从句”的先行词如果是“复数名词”，从句的谓语用复数形式。 This is one of t
30、he best novels that have appeared this year. 这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。（关系词“that”代“novels”） （12）为了强调“one”或者前加“this，the，the only ”等时，定语从句接单数谓语。 He is the only student that has passed the exam in our class.,Multiple choice: 1. On the wall_ two large portraits. A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging 2. “News of vic
31、tories _ pouring in as our army advances,” the company commander said. A. keep B. kept C. keeps D. have kept 3. There _ a lot of milk in the bottle. A. are B. is C. were D. has,4. Zhangs family _ rather big, withtwelve people in all.A. is B. are C. being D. was 5. Nobody but Jane _ the secret.A. kno
32、w B. knows C. have known D. is known 6. All but one _ here just now.A. is B. was C. has been D. were,7. When and where to build the new factory _ yet.A. is not decided B. are not decidedC. has not decided D. have not decided 8. A library with five thousand books_ to the nation as a gift.A. is offere
33、d B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered,1. The country life he was used to _ greatly since 1992.（2005年 山东卷）A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed,高考链接,2. Nowadays, a large number ofwomen, especially those from the countryside, _ in the clothing industry.（2005年 辽宁卷） Ais working
34、Bworks Cwork Dworked,3. A poet and artist _ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.（2006年 江苏卷） A. is B. are C. was D. were,4. A survey of the opinions of experts _that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _ good for ones health. (2007年 江西卷)A. show; are B. sh
35、ows; is C. show; is D. shows; are,以下50-59仅供同学们自学,Exception 1. Little remains to be done about it. 2. Both look equally good to me. 3.Either of the plans is equally dangerous. 4. There were no other jobs available. 5. There are a dozen reasons why we should support this reason. 6. There appear to be
36、several reasons for changing our plans. 7. There remains nothing more to be done. 8. There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 有时候你不得不做出选择。,The unemployed are losing hope. The blind are taught skills in special schools. The accused was found guilty.被告被判有罪。 The Chinese are kind and friendly.
37、 The Swiss known for their fine watches. The is not much news in todays newspaper. Eight hours of sleep is enough. Fifteen miles is a long way to walk. A new pair of boots is enough to make her happy.,This works was（These works were）built two years ago.这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。 Every means has（All means have）
38、been tried. 各种办法都试过了。 （12）英语中有一些疾病名称是以-s或-es结尾，如arthritis，bronchitis，rickets，mumps，diabetes等，这类名词通常作单数用。 Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. 腮腺炎是一种传染病。 （13）群岛、山脉、海峡等地理名词用复数。 The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life. 喜马拉雅山脉有种类繁多的动植物。,The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost
39、their strategic importance .直布罗陀海峡没有失去它战略上的重要性。 （14）英语中有一些由两个部分组成的物体名称，是以-s结尾。如scissors，glasses，shorts，trousers，suspenders，通常用复数。 Johns new trousers are black and white.约翰的裤子是黑色和白色。 如果说有单位词，则由单位词的单、复数决定。 One pair of scissors isnt enough.一把剪刀不够。 Two pairs of scissors are missing from the room.屋子里的两把剪
40、刀丢了。,还有一些名词，如archives，arms clothes contents，eaves，fireworks，goods，minutes，morals，remains，stairs，suburs，thanks，wages，通常用复数。 His thanks were most profuse.他一再表示谢意。 The archives of this society are kept in the basement.这个社会的档案保存在地下室里面。 （15）“the+形容词/分词”作主语，指“一类”人或事物时，常用作复数用。,The English speak English.英国人
41、讲英语。 The rejected were heaped in the corner.废品堆在角落里。 （16）“the+形容词/分词”作主语指“某一个”人，或“抽象的”事物时，作单数用。 The deceased was his father.去世的是他父亲。 The agreeable is not always the useful.好看的不一定中用。 The new and progressive always wins over the old.新生、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。,（17）“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。 The United States was
42、founded in 1776.美国成立于1776年。 The Arabian Nights is very interesting.天方夜谭很有趣。 （18）“what等引导的从句”作主语时，大多作单数用。 What we need is more practice.我们需要的是更多的实践。 What he says doesnt agree with what he does.他言行不一致。,但，若从句是含复数意义的并列结构，或表语是复数时，谓语动词用单数或复数均可。 What you say and think is/are no business of mine.你怎么说以及怎么想，不
43、关我的事。 What he bought was/were some books.他所买的是几本书。,（19）由what，who，why，how引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数：两个由and连接的并列名词性分句，如果表示两件事，动词用复数。 What we need is more time.我们需要的是时间。 What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a problem to us.什么引发的事故，谁负责，对我们仍然是个问题。 在以what-分句作主语的SVC结构中，如果主句补语是复数名词，主句的谓语可用复数。 What was real to him were the details to his life.对他最重要的是对生活的细节。,Thank You,
