1、Computer Knowledge 计算机知识,2.1 Computer 2.2 Programming Languages 2.2 Computer Viruses,Computer 计算机,英语谚语一则Constant dripping wears away a stone. 水滴石穿，绳锯木断。英语知识小点滴按揭购房 take out a mortgage to buy a house;buy a house on time,课前小知识,A computer is an electronic machine that performs calculations and processe
2、s data automatically at high speed according to a prescribed sequence of operations.,计算机是一种电子机器，它能够按照规定的运行顺序以高速进行自动计算和数据处理。,规定的,执行计算,处理数据,Broadly speaking, the term can refer not only to an electronic machine but also to one of a mechanical, analog, or other variety. Although all these types are use
3、d, computers usually mean electronic digital machines because electronic digital machines have many advantages and are widely used.,一般说来，该术语不仅仅指电子机器，也可指机械式的、模拟的或其它类型的。虽然这些种类都在使用，但计算机通常指的是电子数字机器，因为电子数字机器有许多优点并且得到了广泛的应用。,一般地说，泛泛地说,模拟的,品种，种类,Computers vary greatly in size; the smallest can be incorpora
4、ted into a wristwatch, while the largest may fill an entire room. The electronic components of computers enable them to perform operations at high speeds.,计算机在体积上差别很大，最小的可以嵌入一块手表内，而最大的则可以占据整个房间。计算机的电子元件可以使其以高速运行。,加入，装入,元件，构件,The fastest computer is able to perform billions of calculations per second
5、. Computes are used to solve numerous problems, such as payroll calculations, inventory records, bank account transactions, airline reservations, and scientific and engineering computations.,最快的计算机每秒钟可以进行几十亿次运算。人们应用计算机解决众多问题如工资表计算、库存资产记录、银行账目交易、航班预定以及科技与工程方面的运算。,工资表计算,库存资产记录,银行账目交易,航班预定,For each pro
6、blem, the user must supply the necessary data and prepare an appropriate program (sequence of operations) by which the computer can process the data to produce the desired output.,对每个问题，使用者都必须提供必需的数据并预先编好正确的程序（运行顺序），计算机通过程序处理数据并给出期望的结果。,程序,期望的结果,Owing to the tremendous progress in the micro-miniatur
7、ization of the transistor (the basic element of computers) since the late 1960s, inexpensive and small computers have become widely available, proliferating in virtually every sector of society.,自20世纪60年代后期，由于晶体管（计算机的基本元件）在微型化方面取得的巨大进展，廉价的小型计算机在社会的各个部门都得到了广泛的应用。,Because of , on account of,极大的，巨大的,晶体
8、管,增生，扩散,实际上,部门，扇区,Industrialized countries have become dependent on computers to assist in daily life, for they are used in countless activities, such as manufacturing, transportation, communication, education, and business.,发达国家已经依靠计算机来确保日产生活的正常运行，因为它们已被应用于无数活动中，比如生产、运输、通信、教育和商业。,发达国家,帮助，支援,活动,生产,C
9、ompared with other important technological products, computers are used in home and office by far more people, including those with little or no technical background. Thus, a solid working knowledge of computers is beneficial to most people.,同其他重大科技产品相比，计算机可被更多的用户在家庭和办公中所使用，其中包括那些几乎或完全没有专业背景的人。因此扎实的
10、计算机操作知识对大多数人都是有用的。,与相比,背景（知识）,扎实的,A computer can be represented in block diagram form as shown in Fig.2-1. It consists of five functional blocks: memory, input, output, control and arithmetic and logic unit.,计算机可以表示为图2-1所示的方框图形式，它由存储器、输入设备、输出设备、控制器及算术逻辑单元五个功能块所组成。,方框图,存储器、输入设备、输出设备、控制器、算术逻辑单元,The me
11、mory is used to store instructions and data which are processed by the arithmetic and logic unit.,存储器用来存储算术逻辑单元的指令和数据。,指令,The control unit coordinates the operations of the computer and most of the control resides in a central unit which, since it normally also contains the arithmetic and logic unit
12、, is known as the central processing unit (CPU), namely the central processing unit (CPU) consists of a control unit and an arithmetic and logic unit.,控制器用来协调计算机的操作，并且绝大多数控制器被设置于中央单元内，由于中央单元一般也包含算术逻辑单元，因而它被称作中央处理器（CPU），即中央处理器（CPU）由控制器和算术逻辑单元组成。,协调,位于,中央处里器,In a simple microcomputer system, integrate
13、d circuits often correspond to this functional division of computer systems. The main method of communication between the various component parts of a computer is by the use of one or more buses. A bus consists of a group of signal lines used to carry information. The CPU is organized around a bus s
14、tructure.,在一个简单的微型计算机系统中，集成电路的布置通常与计算机系统的这种功能性的划分相适应。计算机中各个部分之间通信的主要方法是利用一条或多条总线。总线包括一组用来传输信息的信号线。CPU的周围布满了总线。,微型计算机,集成线路,总线,The parts of the computer which are involved in the transfer of data to and from the outside world are know as peripheral devices and can be categorized as follows:,计算机中用来和外界进
15、行数据传输交换的部分被称为外部设备，可以划分为以下几类：,致力于做用来,外部设备,1） Input: devices used to transfer information into the computer. 2）Output: devices used to transfer information out from the computer to the outside world. 3）Input/Output: devices which can be used for both the input and the output of data.,1) 输入设备：用来向计算机输入信
16、息的设备。 2）输出设备：用来将信息从计算机向外传输的设备。 3）输入/输出（I/O）：可同时用来进行数据输入和输出的设备。,小结,transistor:晶体管； memory:存储器； instruction:指令； input:输入（设备）； output :输出（设备） ； control :控制器 arithmetic and logic unit:算术逻辑单元； central processing unit （CPU）:中央处理单元；microcomputer:微型计算机； integrated circuit:集成电路； bus:总线； peripheral device:外部设备.,
