1、Active reading 1,Mapping,Embarkation,Navigation,Destination,Resources,Identifying pop scientific writing style Judging with reasons Detecting fallacies and subjectivities,.,Bridging information gap,Case study,Bridging the information gap,Group competition for science quiz : The whole class is divide
2、d into 6 groups. Each group will discuss and decide which one are true.,1. The moon appears upside down in the southern hemisphere.,2. Oil will always float on water.,3. Sound travels faster through air than through water.,4. Nothing can travel faster than light.,5. Water is a poor conductor of elec
3、tricity.,6. Adults can hear a greater range of sounds than adolescents.,7. When you drop a piece of toast the butter side hits the ground first.,click,Science quiz,Its not the moon which is in a different position, but the person looking at it.,1. The moon appears upside down in the southern hemisph
4、ere.,2. Oil will always float on water.,Oil and water have different types of molecular bonds and so will not mix. Oil is less dense than water so it floats on top.,3. Sound travels faster through air than through water.,Water is denser than air so sound waves move more slowly through it.,More,Scien
5、ce quiz,This is regarded as a law of physics.,4. Nothing can travel faster than light.,5. Water is a poor conductor of electricity.,In its pure state, it is; but as it usually has minerals in it and spreads all over surfaces, in most real life cases it carries electricity very well and this is why e
6、lectrical switches and appliances should not be located in a bathroom.,More,Science quiz,6. Adults can hear a greater range of sounds than adolescents.,Not at all, hearing starts deteriorating as early as the upper teens and early twenties.,It usually does but not to annoy you. Given the height from
7、 which toast is usually dropped and the slant at which it is held, it will usually land face down. If you held it evenly by both hands, or dropped it from a height, this would not happen.,7. When you drop a piece of toast the butter side hits the ground first.,Back,Case study,Group discussion: I nev
8、er had a slice of bread, Particularly large and wide, That did not fall upon the floor, And always on the buttered side. How do you explain it?,Myth,click,click,Pair work: Each time we curse our bad luck and it seems that we are always the victim. Is it a Myth?,Case study,If there is something that
9、science cannot interpret, then comes myth.,1. “The buttered side down” case can be interpreted.,2. Bad or good luck has no connection with myth.,More,Case study,One for sorrow Two for mirth Three for wedding Four for birth Five for silver six for gold,Individual rethinking: There are other things th
10、at have been carried down from our culture in both China and the West. Are they myths or cultural traditions?,Bless you!,Back,Case study,Mathematical element：,Is it a Math or a Myth? Factors which determine the butter side down: (Robert Matthews, Aston University),the height of the fall itself.,grav
11、ity,the speed of the fall the toasts weight the initial position of the toast on its container prior to and during the fall.,Determining factor:,Primary factor:,Other factors:,Back,Case study,Psychological element:,Shallow men believe in luck. Strong men believe in cause and effect.Ralph Waldo Emers
12、on,a close connection between peoples perception of bad luck and interesting coincidence (Para2, See Jigsaw reading: try to identify the authors opinion toward psychological elements.,Back,Text organisation,Text exploration,Text evaluation,Detecting fallacies and subjectivities,Finding expressions a
13、bout bad luck,Jigsaw reading,Text organization,Introduction/Lead-in,Specific bad luck 1: Map reading misfortune,Specific bad luck 2: The lights are always red when Im in a hurry,Reasons,click,General-to-particular pattern,Generalization,Particular situation,Text organization,Reasons,psychological,ma
14、thematical,A close connection between peoples perception of bad luck and interesting coincidence.,Example,Bad things always happen in threes.,click,Question-answer pattern,Q1: What is bad? (Paras 4-6),Q2: What might be the rational explanation (Paras 7-10),Badness is much better represented as being
15、 on a spectrum rather than sth. which is there or not there.,click,click,the duration and memorability of the first event,click,to look examples which confirm and ignore those which dont,Rational explanation (Para 10),click,probability and independence,The most important of all (Paras 7-8),Tendency
16、(Para 9),Listing pattern,Back,Example: Bad things always happen in threes.,Jigsaw reading,click,click,The whole class: Read Paras 4-6 and identify the definition about badness. The whole class: Read Paras 7-10 and do the comprehension exercises. Group 1-3: Read Paras 11-15, Group 4-6: Read Paras 16-
17、17 Judge T/F for the following statements.,click,The definition of badness,Badness: Badness is much better represented as being on a spectrum rather than sth. which is there or not there.,Back,Badness,Marginally bad,Extremely bad,On the spectrum: the train arriving 5 minutes late,click,Neutral: in n
18、o hurry,Bad: for an important meeting,Reasons for bad things happening in threes,Identify the functions of following two examples:,burst pipe (Paras 7-8),Being redundant (Para 10),The duration and memorability of the first event,Probability and independence,More,Reasons for bad things happening in t
19、hrees,Match the examples with the type of events,Back,1. An extremely memorable and unfortunate event 2. Something which might happen because you are feeling depressed or unwell 3. The sort of event which confirms “the bad luck theory” 4. An unlucky event which is bound to make people suffer depress
20、ion,1. A burst water pipe,2. Car accident,3. Losing wedding ring,4. Being redundant,5. Dropping a precious vase,Judging statements,Map reading misfortunes1. The chance of picking a destination which is close to the edge of the map is a lot higher than you might expect. 2. People always forget about
21、the number of times the road doesnt land awkwardly and remember the time it does. 3. Thirty per cent of the map page is duplicated elsewhere as a result of our selective memory. 4. Map reading misfortunes are a typical example of selective memory.,More,Judging statements,1. The relative frequency of
22、 red and green lights on a journey is another example of selevtive memory. 2. Traffic light is simplified as being like tossing a coin, with a 50 per cent chance of being red. 3. Red lights come up not as often when the driver is not in a hurry. 4. Red lights are instantly forgotten while green ligh
23、ts stick in the mind.,Back,The lights are always red when Im in a hurry.,Detecting fallacies and subjectivities,Group work: Re-read paras1-3 and underline all the opinions about bad luck and identify the subjective or objective tone behind them.,1. Do you ever get the impression that you were born u
24、nlucky?,The opinion that “you were born unlucky” is an impression.,2. Even the most rational person can be convinced at times that there is a force out there making mishaps occur at the worst possible time.,“Even”, the superlative “the most rational person” and “convinced” are used to emphasize it s
25、eems to be true.,More,click,click,4. Part of the explanation for bad luck is mathematical, but part is psychological.,The structure “part of explanation is, but part is .” can be read as an objective explanation.,5. There is a very close connection between peoples perception of bad luck and interest
26、ing coincidence.,“There be” structure emphasizes the objective fact.,3. We all like to believe that Murphys Law is true.,“We all like to believe” emphasizes the subjectivity.,More,click,click,click,Detecting fallacies and subjectivities,5. There is a very close connection between peoples perception
27、of bad luck and interesting coincidence.,“There be” structure emphasizes the objective fact.,6. The notion that bad things always happen in threes is unlikely to stand the scrutiny of any scientific study, but it must have some basis in experience, otherwise the phrase would never have arisen in the
28、 first place.,“Notion” means it may be incorrect, immature or without much evidence. “Be unlikely to” emphasizes impossibility. “It must have some basis” applies logical reasoning, emphasizing some sense in it.,click,click,Conclusion,Statement 1, 2 and 3 seem to be fallacies; statement 4 and 5 are t
29、he authors opinions with objective expressions; statement 6 is an evaluation about the notion.,Possible ways to analyse subjectivity or objectivity,Sentence structure: passive voice, there be, nominalization Foregrounding or background: which elements are emphasized and which are ignored? Word choic
30、e: words expressing feelings or opinions, words without bias Tone: subjunctive mood, model verbs ,Finding expressions about bad luck,Pair work: Read Paras 4-10 and fill in the chart.,marginally bad, extremely bad, on a spectrum,neutral,alive and kicking,subsequent misfortunes as part of a series, ac
31、tively looking out for next disaster, the timescale has been extended,tendency,suffer some depression, lower the bodys defences, vulnerable to illness, less alert & responsive,constant reminders,stick in the front of your mind, quickly leap to,tempting fate,Critical thinking,1. Is bad luck an accept
32、able explanation for when things go wrong?,2. Are there any non-scientific ways people use to avoid bad luck?,3. What symbols of good luck do people still value today?,4. Are some people luckier than others?,5. How can science challenge old-fashioned thinking, such as superstition?,Group discussion:
33、 Group 1-3 discuss Q1& 5, group 4-6 discuss Q2-4. (Activity 9, P102),click,click,click,click,click,Q1,Back,Its a useful excuse to explain something even though it does not explain anything. We mean it was not our fault.,A kind of human self-deceit: We never seek for personal reasons, but attribute o
34、ur failure to bad luck.,Agree Disagree,Ex: If “I am late because I overslept”, it is my fault; If “the bus broke down”, it was bad luck.,As Emersons says: Shallow men believe in luck.,Q2,Back,Non-scientific ways,Lucky words or numbers,Luck colours or auspicious designs (吉祥的图案),Pendants,Fengshui or f
35、ortune telling,e.g. “Red” in Chinese culture tends to ward off evil influence, so does the design of Pixiu (貔貅).,e.g. Ornament suspended from a Bracelet, earring, necklace, etc. can bring us fortune or ward off evil spirits.,e.g. People follow the advices of fengshui masters when they move into a ne
36、w house.,e.g. “8” in Chinese means fortune.,Q3,Back,Symbols of good luck,Red,“Fu” put downward on the wall,A whole fish,Kylin (麒麟),A symbol for the oncoming happiness.,One of the food for spring festival, representing togetherness and abundance.,an auspicious symbol for prosperity,the color represen
37、ting joy, auspiciousness, enthusiasm and prosperity.,Q4,Back,There are some people who are really luckier than other people.,Fortune only smiles to those who try hard.,Those who have won the lottery are really luckier than those who did not.,Genius is one percent, inspiration and ninety-nine percent
38、 perspiration.,Agree Disagree,Q5,Back,The second step: Superstition does not retire quietly from history.,The first step: new scientific knowledge occurs which counters against superstition.,The third step: Through school education, media and efforts clustered from government or organizations, the s
39、ociety comes to realize scientific power.,The fourth step: It turns out to be a new round of competition between science and superstition .,Active reading 1: Destination,Talking points,Summarising,Summarising,Bad luck is a problematic concept because it is relative. Bad luck can be partly explained
40、from the aspects of Maths and psychology. When it comes to bad things happening in threes, what may be most important of all is the duration and memorability of the first event. The longer the first bad event sticks in the mind, the more opportunity you will have to experience two more bad events. T
41、here is at least one rational reason why bad events might cluster together, that is, probability and independence. As with coincidence, in bad luck there is a tendency to look for the examples which confirm the theory and ignore those which dont.,2,1,3,4,6,5,Individual Work: Number the following sta
42、tements from the text in the order. Then form a short summary about the authors opinions.,Summarising,Pair Work: The below is a short summary about map reading misfortune example. Fill in the blanks with missing information.,Map reading misfortune is one specific example which_. Finding a precise ro
43、ute on the edge of the map page usually turns to be _. If our destination is anywhere in the shaded area on the map, we have 28% chance of being _ within 1 cm f the edge of the page, and 52% chance within 2 cm. As in most bad luck stories, we forget about the number of times the road doesnt land awk
44、wardly and remember the times it does. We are bound to _. This illustrates peoples selective memory indeed.,in an awkward position A chore of flicking backwards and forwards be cursing our misfortune or the maps printer crop up in life,D,B,A,C,Talking Points,Group discussion: Look at some bad predic
45、tions about scientific developments and decide which is the worst prediction. (see P103)Model answer,Example analysis1. Everything that can be invented has been invented.,click,click,General answer,Talking points,General answer:,Its hard to choose, isnt it? These predictions seem to be unreasonable
46、and all have been proved wrong by history. I would like to choose Number X to be the worst prediction because,Back,?,?,Proved by history or not?,Reasonable or not?,Talking points,Back,Example analysis 1. Everything that can be invented has been invented.,Extension: Human imagination is beyond imagin
47、ation,Function: Human activities and development can be traced back to their imagination.,Nothing is impossible,History has proved what the people imagined have turned into inventions.,?,Human imagination,?,Things that can be invented,Talking points,Practices: Group 1, 3 and 5 discuss 2, 3, 4 and 5;
48、 Group 2, 4 and 6 discuss 6, 7, 8 and 9. 2. I see no good reasons why the views given in this volume should shock the religious sensibilities of anyone. 3. Man will not fly for 50 years. 4. The horse is here to stay but the automobile is only a novelty, a fad. 5. Airplanes are interesting toys but o
49、f no military value. 6. There is practically no chance communications space satellites will be used to provide better telephone, telegraph, television, or radio service inside the United States. 7. Who the hell wants to hear actors talk? 8. Rail travel at high speed is not possible, because passengers, unable to breathe, would die of asphyxia. 9. There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home.,Talking points,Relaxation: Listen to a song about bad lucks and discuss your unlucky experience.,
