1、外研版 高二年级(选修7) Module 3,英语课件,Grammar,1. Conferences like the Earth Summit help people understand that there exist serious problems and that there is still time to take action. 2. Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.,Look at the following sentences and think about the use o
2、f inversion.,Inversion,3. Among the speakers was Chinas then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equality and fairness in the world. 4. A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.,5. Only by changing how we live can we save the earth. 6. Had I know
3、n that air conditioners cause so much pollution, I would never have bought one. 7. Without international cooperation, developing countries cannot prosper, nor will sustainable development be possible.,Conclusion,一、概念: 英语句子通常有两种语序: 一种主语在前,谓语在后, 称为自然语序, 另一种谓误在前,主语在后, 称为倒装语序。 二、相关知识点精讲 按“主语+ 谓语” 这种顺序排列
4、的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（ 或谓语一部分）+主语”, 就是倒装。,Our teacher came in. In came our teacher. 这种倒装要求: 主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时, 主语和谓语语序不变。 Here it is. Away he went. 这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。 Here comes the bus. Out rushed the boys.,倒装句分为： 完全倒装: 整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。 部分倒装: 只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装。 1. 当以there, here, out , in
5、, up, down, away等副词开头的句子, 为了起到强调的作用, 可构成倒装句, 只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换, 不加助动词。,2. how, then, just, often表示时间的副词 放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。 Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War. 3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。 这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does或do.,Under a big tree _, half asleep. A. did sat a f
6、at man B. a fat man sat C. did a fat man sat D. sat a fat man 4. there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。 在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。,如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。 There came shouts for help from the river. There lies a large wheat field in front of the house. Many years ag
7、o there lived an old man in the wooden house. In front of the tower flews a stream.,5. so + 动词+主语 neither/ nor + 动词+主语 表示两人的同样一个情况时, 只能表示一件事, 即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用so it is with You can ride a bike. So can I. He has been to Beijing. So have I. The first one isnt good, neither is the second.,6. so+ 形
8、容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示, 也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下: so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。 Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. = So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.,7. d
9、one做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。 Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil. 8. 否定副词not, never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。 We seldom get up at four in the morning. = Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.,Not a single word from him could the enemy
10、 drag. Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing. 9. hardlywhen; scarcelywhen; no soonerthan 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。,10. not only but also 如连接两个成分时, 不用倒装; 连接句子时, 前面的句子要用倒装。 Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, bu
11、t also his German citizenship. Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do. Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.,11. only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用： only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他 Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened. Only in this
12、 way can you make progress in your English.,12. 虚拟语气中的倒装句 If I were you, I would take the job. = Were I you, I would take the job.,At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River _, one of the ten largest cities in China. (2010 重庆卷)A. lies ChongqingB. Chongqing liesC. does lie Chongq
13、ingD. does Chongqing lie,高考链接,2. We laugh at jokes, but seldom _ about how they work. (2010 四川卷)A. we thinkB. think weC. we do thinkD. do we think,3. Never _ Lisa would arrive but she turned up at the last minute. (2010上海卷) A. did we think B. have we thought C. we thought D. we have thought,4. John
14、opened the door. There _ he had never seen before. (2010陕西卷) A. a girl did stand B. a girl stood C. did a girl stand D. stood a girl,5. Not until he left his home _ to know how important the family was for him. (2010 江西卷) A. did he begin B. had he begun C. he began D. he had begun,6. So much of inte
15、rest _ that most visitors simply run out of time before seeing it all( 08上海)A. offers Beijing B. Beijing offers C. does Beijing offer D. Beijing does offer,7. Bill wasnt happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and _. (08辽宁)A. I was neither B. neither was I C. I was either D. either was I 8. _
16、you eat the correct foods _ be able to keep fit and stay healthy. (08江苏)A. only if; will you B. Only if; you will C. Unless; will you D. Unless; you will,9. Seldom _ video games ever since they entered college. (08湖北)A. they have played B. they played C. have they played D. they have played 10. Only
17、 when I left my parents for Italy _how much I loved them. (08重庆)A. I realized B. I had realized C. had I realized D. did I realize,11. It was announced that only when the fire was under control _ to return to their homes. (08江西)A. the residents would be permitted B. had the residents been permittedC
18、. would the residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted,12. Not until the motorbike looked almost new _ repairing and cleaning it. 08陕西A. he stopped B. did he stop C. stopped he D. he did stop 13. If Joes wife wont go to the party_. (07全国2)A. he will either B. neither will he C. he ne
19、ither will D. either he will,14. - How was the televised debate last night? - Super! Rarely _ so much media attention. (07上海)A. a debate attracted B. did a debate attract C. a debate did attract D. attracted a debate,15. I have been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom _ so lonel
20、y as now. (07辽宁)A. have I felt B. I had felt C. I have felt D. Had I felt,Act. 1,Answers to activities P. 32,a. Not until,b. No sooner,c. Hardly,d. Never,e. Only after some minutes,f. Ony then,g. Seldom,Act. 1,Answers to activities P. 32,1. at the beginning,2. after,3. subject and verb,4. than,5. wh
21、en,6. one immediately after the other,Act. 3 Match the two parts of the sentences.,Answers to activities P. 33,a. did the managers decide what to do,b. did he start crying,c. Hardly,d. when the warden took his bowl away from him,Hardly had the boy begun eating,2. Not until they had talked for hours,
22、3. No sooner had the warden left,4. Only after Oliver was locked in the room,Act. 4,Answers to activities P. 33,1. Had they finish their soup than Oliver got up,2. had the warden served the soup when it disappeared,3. had the warden been so angry,4. nearly one minutes silence was he able to speak,5.
23、 had this kind of thing happened at teh workhouse,强调句型的结构为It is / was that / who , 用来强调除谓语以外的任何成份。被强调的部分放在is / was的后面。如果被强调的是人, 则后面用who或that; 如果被强调的是物或其他情况, 则用that。 如：,The Use of “it” for Emphasis,It was Jim who / that shot a bear yesterday. 强调主语 Jim It was a bear that Jim shot yesterday. 强调宾语 a bea
24、r It was yesterday that Jim shot a bear. 强调时间状语 yesterday,学习强调句型应该注意的几个问题：,1. 如果被强调的是句子的状语，则不可用when, where或because等相应的词, 而必须用that。如：It was on the bus that I met her yesterday. 强调地点状语on the bus, 注意不能用where。,It was when I was in the kitchen that I heard an explosion. 强调时间状语when I was in the kitchen，注意
25、不可用when。2. 如果被强调部分是名词或代词的复数形式，系动词仍然用is或was。如：,It was those children that I saw playing by the pond. 尽管强调的是those children，是复数，仍然用was。It was stupid students who/that dont ask questions. 尽管强调的是stupid students，是复数，仍然用is。,3. 在强调主语时，that/who后的谓语应与前面被强调的主语保持一致。如：It is you who are wrong. are与you保持一致It is I
26、who am wrong. am与I 保持一致It is Mr Wilson who/that is the chairman. is与Mr Wilson 保持一致,4. 在强调until引出的时间状语时, 其句型为: It is not until that , 一般多译成汉语的肯定句。如：It was not until 1972 that we began studying English. 直到1972年我们才开始学习英语。It was not until yesterday that I noticed it. 我一直到昨天才注意到它。,5. 该句型的一般疑问句形式: Is / Wa
27、s it that ? 如：Is it Mr Wilson that is the chairman?Is it not until yesterday that you noticed it?注意: 在强调when, where, who, what等时, 须将这类特殊疑问词放在句如：,When was it that the story took place? 而不说：Was it when that the story took place?What is it that you have to sell? 而不说：Is it what that you have to sell?6.
28、由since/as引导的原因状语不可以作为被强调的部分。如不能说：,It was since it raised so many difficult questions that the book took a long time to come out. 这是因为由since/as引导的原因状语从句 通常是一种已知信息，而已知信息是不 需要强调的。如果原因状语从句由 because引出，则为未知信息，所以 because引出的分句可作为强调句中被强 调的部分。如:,It was because it raised so many difficult questions that the bo
29、ok took a long time to come out. 7. 由though/although引导的让步状语从句及条件状语从句等也通常不能作为强调句中的被强调部分。如： The natives were generous although they were poor.,不可以改写成： It was although they were poor that the natives were generous. 8. 判断是否为强调句的标准：如果将句中的it is/was和that/who去掉，看剩余的部分结构是否完整，句意是否明了，如果是，则为强调句型。如：,It was Mary
30、that has won the first place. 将句中的it was和that 去掉, 原句变为: Mary has won the first place. 句子结构完整，表意明确，故原句为强 调句。再如： It is surprising that Mary should have won the first place.,如果将it is和that去掉, 那么原句变为: Mary should have won the first place surprising. 这个句子不完整，所以原句不是强调句 型。此句中it为形式主语，真正的主语 是that 引导的从句。,More
31、examples:It was not until yesterday that I noticed it. 将这个句子中it was和that去掉, 原句为: Not until yesterday I noticed it yesterday. 句子结构完整，表意明确，说明这是一个强调句型。再如：,It was those children that I saw playing by the pond. 将句中的it was和that去掉, 则变成： I saw those children playing by the pond. 该句是一个完整的句子, 故原句为强调 句。,1. It
32、was _ he came back from Africa _ he met the girl he would like to marry. (09 江西卷) A. when; then B. not; until C. not until; that D. only; when,高考链接,2. - Ive read another book this week. - Well, maybe _ is not how much you read but what you read that counts. (09 浙江卷) A. this B. that C. there D. it,3.
33、 (2008江西) It was announced that only when the fire was under control _ to return to their homes. A. the residents would be permitted B. had the residents been permitted C. would be residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted,4. (2008全国II) It was in New Zealand _ Elizabeth first met Mr
34、. Smith.A. how B. that C. which D. when 5. (2008重庆) It was not until midnight _ they reached the camp site.A. while B. when C. that D. as,Act. 2,Answers to activities P. 35,1. a man the woman,2. early late,3. meat soup,4. Mr Bumble the warden,5. Mr Bumble Oliver,Act. 4,Answers to activities P. 35,1. No, what Charles Dickens wrote novels about is Victorian London.,2. No, what Nancy pretended to be is Olivers sister.,3. No, what Nancy terrifIed is the man.,4. No, what Oliver did is to shout for help,Everyday English,Answers to activity P. 36,1. (a),2. (b),3. (b),4. (a),5. (a),6. (b),
