1、challenging interpreting: a coursebook of interpreting skills,_ a general introduction to interpreting,Contents：,course objectivesChallenging Interpreting is a course of interpreting skills. Students undertaking this course should have the following skills:(see: overview of interpreting skills),Defi
2、nitions:,1,Interpreting is a service activity with a communication function. It is usually a face-to-face communicative act. It is defined as an oral translation activity. It is the faithful reproduction on one language of what is said in other language.,Back,2,“口译是一种通过口头表达形式，将所听到（或读到）的信息准确而又快速地由一种语
3、言转换成另一种语言，进而达到传递与交流信息之目的的交际行为，是人类在跨文化、跨民族交往活动中所依赖的一种基本的语言交际工具。” 口译是指“对口头表达的信息及文本进行的口头翻译”,Back,features,extemporaneousness（即席性） stressfulness（紧张性）， independence（独立性）， comprehensiveness（综合性）， miscellaneousness（多面性）。,Interpreting is an extempore translation activity that interpreters have to finish the
4、ir interpretation on the spot. Interpreters also have to overcome stage fright as they usually face a large audience, which means interpreting is therefore highly stressful. In addition, interpreting is an independent job and interpreters are seldom able to ask for help on the spot.,The Characterist
5、ics of Interpreting,不可预测性的即席双语传译活动；要求高超即席应变能力和流利的现时表达能力； 现场气氛的压力； 个体操作，译责重大； 综合运用视，听，说，写，读等知识和技能的语言操作活动； 交流信息内容包罗万象：专家和杂家。,Back,Interpreting is an extempore translation activity that interpreters have to finish their interpretation on the spot. Interpreters also have to overcome stage fright as they
6、 usually face a large audience, which means interpreting is therefore highly stressful. In addition, interpreting is an independent job and interpreters are seldom able to ask for help on the spot.,requirements,They have to do the job by themselves. Meanwhile, interpreting demands interpreters compr
7、ehensive capacities, such as listening, memorizing, speaking,etc. Moreover, the interpreters usually encounter a wide range of topics, and they have to be both an expert and an encyclopedia, who know “everything of something and something of everything”.,Types:,By Forms:,交替口译 ( consecutive interpret
8、ation/interpreting ) 同声传译 ( simultaneous interpretation/ ) 接续口译 ( alternating interpretation/ ) 耳语口译 ( whispering interpretation /) 视阅口译 ( sight interpretation /) (difference between interpreting and interpretation),Back,Consecutive interpreting:,- Interpreting after the speaker finished In the cons
9、ecutive(连贯的) mode, the interprter gives his interpretation immediately after the speaker has finished a segment（部分） of his speech. The segments may last from a few seconds to several minutes. The interpreter sits with the delegates, listens to the speech and renders it.,Back,Since the speaker pauses
10、 from time to time for the interpreter to interpret each segment of the speech,the interpreter has the time to take notes and analyze the message as a whole so that he can understand the message more easily. Well-trained interpreters can render speeches of 10 minutes or more with great accuracy.,dis
11、advantage of CI,CI（consecutive interpreting） is the earlist form of professional interpreting. Nowadays, CI is still widely conducted on many occasions, such as press conferences, welcoming addresses, speeches or banquets negotiations. However, CI is too time-consuming, and the audience has to liste
12、n to the same message in both the source language (SL:来源语) and the target language(TL:目的语). Though in the modern world CI has been largely replaced by simultaneous, but it remains relevant for certain kinds of meetings (e.g. highly technical meetings, working lunches, small groups, field trips),这是一种
13、为演讲者以句子或段落为单位传递信息的单向口译方式。交替口译用于多种场合，如演讲、祝词、授课、高级会议、新闻发布会等。演讲者因种种原因需要完整地表达信息，所以往往为连贯发言，停顿频率较低。这种情况要求译员以一段一段的方式，在讲话者的自然停顿间隙，将信息一组接一组地传译给听众。译员在接到这种口译任务时，可事先跟发言者做一个沟通，大致了解一下发言的内容，掌握一些专业的词汇，这样有利于口译的顺利完成。,Back,Examples of CI,This is a product launch event,This is a press conference,Simultaneous interpreti
14、ng - Interpreting while the delegate is speaking,In the simultaneous mode, the interprter renders the words of the original speaker at virtually the same time as they are uttered. In this mode, the interpreter works in a soundproofed booth(同传厢) with at least one colleague. The speaker in the meeting
15、 room speaks into a microphone, the interpreter receives the sound through a headset and renders the message into a microphone almost simultaneously. The SL audience and the TL audience get the message nearly at the same time as the speaker speaks continuously and the interpreter almost concurrently
16、（同时） gives the interpretation of the message.,The delegate in the meeting room selects the relevant channel to hear the interpretation in the language of his/her choice. There are many different possible configurations（配置）of languages or language regimes（体制）.,advantage and disadvantage of CI,SI is b
17、y far the most widespread mode of interpreting. For meetings with more than two working languages,SI is almost a must. SI saves much time and the meeting would not suffer from the repetition of the same speech in two or more languages. However, SI also has its shortcomings.,Since the interpreters ha
18、ve to start interpreting before an utterance is finished,the average interpretation quality of SI is generally below that of CI.With regard to the organizers of the conference,they have to spend more money renting the SI equipment and employing at least two professional interpreters,who often ask fo
19、r a high payment.,这是口译中最难的，也是境界最高的，最有魅力的一种。译员在不打断讲话者演讲情况下，几乎是同步的不停顿地将其讲话内容传译给听众。同传要求译员在发言人开始说话5秒钟后必须要开始翻译，并且几乎是没有停顿的。由于其难度比较大，不确定因素比较多，因此要做充分的准备，并且对于一些细节问题一定要注意。通常情况下同声传译任务会提前很长时间就通知译员，以便译员有充分的时间来准备（包括知识的、身体上的、心理上的）。,Back,除了这些，译员还要时刻了解会议的进展情况，比如与会者及缺席者。在会议即将召开的时候，尽量从发言人或秘书处了解到准备在会上讲的内容，提前知道发言内容，这样在做
20、同传的时候就会主动一些。当然也会出现发言人讲话的内容跟事先拟好的稿子不一样的情况，这就要考验译员的基本功和心理素质了。设备的调试也是比较关键的，在会前，一定要提前到会场调试设备，并且试翻一段，确保没有机械故障。,同传的场合一般都是比较重要的国际会议，会上会有许多的记者，因此在英译中的时候，如果中文表达不好，会给记者朋友们带来比较大的困难。另外，在遇到讲话人说到诸如“我的讲话结束了，谢谢！”、“在此，我要特别对表示衷心的感谢！”之类的，需要获得礼节性掌声的时候，翻译一定要同步，前面的话可以不用翻，直接翻译最后一句话，这样就不会出现中国听众鼓掌，外国听众没有反应的尴尬局面。,SI at Work
21、(Video Monitoring Booth),Simultaneous Interpreting (rented booth),alternating interpretation(接续):,即译员同时以两种语言为操不同语言的交际双方进行轮回交替口译。这种口译应用场合非常广，比较常见的出现在商务谈判和宴会上，也是有一定的难度的。如果是在商务谈判这种有固定主题的场合，事先一定要对主题相关的知识和专业词汇熟练掌握，否则将会很麻烦。接续口译中最难的是宴会中的口译，因为宴会是气氛相对比较轻松的场合，因此话题也比较多，领导也比较容易放的开，这就给翻译带来了很大的困难。,Back,Whispering
22、 - Whispered simultaneous interpreting,The interpreter is seated or standing among the delegates and interprets simultaneously directly into the ear of the delegates. Whispered interpretation can be used only for very few delegates sitting or standing close together. It is used mainly in bilateral(双
23、边的) meetings or in groups where only a few delegates do not share a common language.Whispering is often used instead of consecutive in order to save time. Sometimes, the whispering interpreter will use a headphone in order to get the best possible sound from the original speaker.,Back,耳语翻译一般需要译员对原讲话
24、有高度的压缩与概括，而且声音不能太大，以免影响到附近的人。通常的文艺演出一般都会有相关背景，在演出开始之前，可以先跟外宾介绍一下节目的背景知识，外宾就会带着背景知识去看节目，这样就会容易理解，另外在报幕时要跟外宾解释一下。,Sign language interpreting - Simultaneous interpreting into sign language（视阅）,Sign language interpreters work in meetings with deaf participants and interpret from spoken language into sig
25、ned language and from signed language into spoken. The interpreter sits or stands, clearly visible, in front of the deaf delegates.,Back,other types,单向口译 ( one-way interpretation ) 双向口译 ( two-way interpretation ),Back,By ways:,By contents:：,导游口译 ( guide interpretation ) 礼仪口译 (ceremony interpretation
26、 ) 宣传口译 ( information interpretation ) 会议口译 ( conference interpretation ) 谈判口译 ( negotiation interpretation ),Back,Similarities and dissimilarities between translating and interpreting,1)In terms of medium & working environment & time limit: Translation Interpreting written oral fairly relaxing on t
27、he spothas certain time limits spontaneous(随意),2) In terms of process,a. Similarities: input comprehension output b. Differences:* Interpreting: receive information decode memorize encode expression * Translating: inputcomprehension (output)expression checking,3) In terms of criteria（标准）,a. Similari
28、ties: a faithful reproduction in natural TL. b. Differences:Interpreting : accuracy and fluency Translation: faithfulness, smoothness and gracefulness,4) In terms of the requirements of translators and interpreters,a. Similarities: * Language skills* Encyclopedic knowledge* Knowledge relating to the
29、 subject matter* Cross-cultural awareness* Strong sense of responsibility and good professional ethics b. Dissimilarities The Other Basic Requirements for Interpreters (1) Acute（敏锐的） hearing (to grasp the meaning)(2)A good command of idioms, slang and proverbs, as well as register & appropriateness.
30、 (3)Phonetic competence（语音能力） (accent, intonation, stress and rhythms) & public speaking skills (4) Outstanding memory and note-taking ability(5) psychological competence(自身素质): quick-witted, calm, resourceful (avoid panic and stage fright),Requirments for interpreters 1. Responsibility 2. Strong se
31、nse of duty 3. High level of linguistic proficiency 4. Encyclopedic and subject knowledge 5. Good master of interpreting skills 6. proficiency in both SL and TL 7. cross cultural awareness 8. cool-headed, even-minded (镇定） 9. good listening 10. strong short memory, (note-taking) 11. quick thinking/re
32、action 12. speak fluently and accurately,Professional Codes(规范) of Conduct,1) confidentiality（保密） 2) impartiality（公正） 3) accuracy（准确） 4) objectiveness（客观） 5) competence（胜任）,Five Linguistic Styles:,庄严 (frozen) 正式(formal) 商议 (consultative) 随意 (casual) 亲密 (intimate),口译使用的语体,口语语体 Q:Dear Michael, who tau
33、ght you how toplay golf and do you still use a coach? A:A lot of people helped teach memostlymy buddies at the UNC while I was in school. I occasionally use a PRO to advise me on improving -but no one regular. Ive come to realize that Im just a “hack“-so now I am enjoying justplaying without a lot o
34、f coaching.,问:亲爱的迈克尔,谁教你打高尔夫球,你现在还有教练吗? 答：有许多人教过我多数是我在北卡罗来纳大学时的老同学.偶尔会请个职业教练帮帮我,但不经常.我已经渐渐认识到我不过是随便玩玩而已.所以现在更不想要教练,就自己玩.,Q: Women in the United States generally live longer than men. But in recent years that gaphas been narrowing a bit. How has that affected the life insurance business? A: It is not
35、 narrowing that much, thank goodnessWe are still outliving men, we are still. We have quite a gap on them, still about 7-8 years. The only reason its narrowing is women aredoing things to themselves that they shouldnt be doing , like smoking ,and all those bad habits that men have had for many years
36、. But it is not narrowing for other reasons.,较正式语体,问:在美国,一般来说妇女比男人更长寿,但是近年来差距在缩小.这对人寿保险业有什么影响? 答:感谢上帝,差距并没有缩小多少.我们还是比男人寿命长.我们和他们的寿命有很大差距,大约仍有七、八年的差距。差距缩小的唯一原因是妇女们做那些不该做的事情，如吸烟以及男人们很久以来就有的一些坏习惯。除此以外没有别的原因。,正式语体 I wish to thank you，Mr. Premier, for accepting my invitation to share your evening with my
37、 colleagues and me, and for honoring Canada with your presence. These have been very pleasant days in Peking, and Im happy that this phase of my visit should conclude in such a congenial atmosphere.,总理先生，感谢您今晚应邀来同我和我的同事们欢聚一堂。您的光临使加拿大感到荣幸。在北京的这些日子是令人愉快的，而且使我感到高兴的是，我访问途径的这一站能够在如此意气相投的气氛中结束。,口语与口译,口译的规
38、范化，摒弃口语中的亲昵语、方言、俗语、过激语言，口译要“宁缺毋滥”，求实为信、流利为达、动听为雅。,Examples Analysis,现在北京人特别有这种感觉，一到过年过节啦，保姆都要回家，就不得了了，家里面没有人管孩子，就成了很大的问题。 People in Beijing often have such an experience: When the housekeeper leaves to spend the Chinese New Year or festivals with her family, they will feel very inconvenient because
39、no one will take care of the child.,Examples Analysis,所以有些个地方官员确实不重视农业，确实是口号农业，口头讲得很响亮，实际并不那么干，实际上还是挖农业、损害农业。 Therefore, some local officials talk loudly about agriculture, but their actions do not match their words. In fact, they are undermining agriculture.,Examples Analysis,为什么呢？美国它今天说你对我出口太多，进口太
40、少，造成了我的外贸收支不平衡，明天又说另外一套，你，对我外贸也是造成了不平衡。 Because at some point, the United States will accuse one country of exporting too much and importing too little, and therefore causing its trade imbalance; at another point, it may accuse another country of causing its trade imbalance.,Examples Analysis,墨西哥本来在
41、汽车的贸易上它的限制非常严格，进口一台汽车的话要出口2.7部，墨西哥的车，那是非常严格的。 Mexico once had a very strict control over the trade of automobiles. For each car imported, 2.7 cars need to be exported.,Examples Analysis,美国外贸进出口的统计办法是用的产品原产地原则。也就是说，这个产品生产在哪个国家里头，然后出口到美国去，就算这个国家对美国的出口，而不管这家工厂是属于谁的，赚的钱给谁，不去管这个问题。 The foreign trade stat
42、istics of the United States are based on the place of origin. That means that if the product is produced in one country and exported to the US, thatll be counted as the export of this country, regardless of who owns the factory or whom the profit goes to.,口译现状及其他,目前，国内仅有北京外国语大学、上海外国语大学高级翻译学院，厦门大学、大连
43、外国语学院、广东外语外贸大学等为数不多的高校开设有同声传译专业培训班，同时，对外经济贸易大学也与欧盟联合办起了同声翻译班。但是，同声传译人才问题仍不能得到解决，尤其是缺乏具备AIIC(International Association of Conference Interpreters国际会议口译员协会)这种尖端的传译人才。随着我国加入WTO，与各国的贸易往来更加密切，各种国际会议日益增多，加上一些新闻媒体在做与外语有关的活动时也时常需要同声传译。这一切表明，同声传译是一个具有巨大潜力的新兴行业。,翻译硕士 - 概况为了适应我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设事业发展的需要，促进中外交流，培养高
44、层次、应用型翻译专门人才，国务院学位委员会于2007年1月13日第23次会议审议通过设置翻译硕士专业学位（即Master of Translation and Interpreting，简称MTI）。MTI是我国目前19个专业硕士之一 翻译硕士 - 培养目标MTI教育打破了现行外语教学以学历教育为主、主要培养学术型或研究型人才的研究生教育模式，采用以培养实践型和应用型人才为主的教育培养模式。 翻译硕士 - 发展历史2007年，国务院学位委员会批准了15所MTI试点教学单位。2009年，又有25所高校成为新增MTI试点教学单位。目前MTI语种已涵盖英、法、日、俄、德、韩等六个语种，不仅包括春季入
45、学的在职MTI研究生，也包括秋季入学的全日制MTI研究生，而且招生对象也扩大到“具有国民教育序列大学本科学历（或本科同等学历）人员。”,比较主考单位： 上海证书: 上海紧缺人才培训工程联席会议办公室（教委、成教委员会、组织部、人事局等） 教育部证书 :教育部和北京外国语大学 人事部证书:国家人事部 厦大证书:厦门大学外文学院口译项目组,比较考试时间： 上海:每年3月和9月笔试，5月和11月口试 教育部:每年5月、10月2nd周六 人事部:每年4月和11月中旬 厦大:每年5月、9月3rd周日,比较考试形式： 上海:先笔试（听力、阅读、听译、翻译）；及格后面对考官口试（口语、口译）。 教育部:录音
46、口译 人事部:口译综合能力（就是听力）和录音口译两门 厦大:录音口译,比较级别划分（由低到高）： 上海:中级和高级 教育部:初级、中级和高级 :人事部:三级、二级、一级和资深级，目前只考三级和二级 厦大:一级、二级、三级和四级,比较考试费用（有些考试各地收费不一样）：上海:笔试和口试分别是中级180元；高级210元 教育部:初级480；中级680；高级1200 人事部:三级690；二级780 厦大:一级150；二级200；三级300；四级500,Back,口译资格证书综合分析 从发证单位来看人事部的权威一些，因为它毕竟是国家职称评定部门颁发的证书。教育部的证书我们现在不推荐，因为虽然它也是国家
47、证书，但教育部应该只关心学校教育的事情，不应该关心职业证书的考试。 至于上海证书和厦大证书，虽然是地方性证书，但也都各有优势。上海证书是中国最早推出来的口译认证，1995年就开始，现在全国多个城市设有考点，市场化运作很成熟，因此已经具有了很大的社会认可度；而厦大证书也许是很少有人听说的一个口译证书，市场宣传力度不够，因为做这个证书的都是厦大的口译专家，没有市场化运作；但是厦大证书做的很科学，出题者和改卷者都是国内口译界的著名专家。厦大的口译考试相对更容易通过，这倒不是因为它的题目更简单，而是因为它更科学。跟其他几家考试不一样，厦大考试会在考试前一个星期提前通知考生考试的主题，这是跟现实情况非常
48、一致的。要知道，每次口译前，译员都应该大概知道所要参加的会议的基本情况，绝对不会开始口译了居然连有关什么主题都不知道。因此，其他几家考试在某种程度上有赖于运气，如果考试的内容正好是考生比较熟悉的话题则比较容易过。,通过率 认证 百分比 很低 人事部二级，厦大IV级 1% 低 人事部三级，上海高级 10% 中 上海中级，厦大III 级 30-40% 高 厦大II 级，I级 50%-70%,口译资格证书报考建议具体考哪种证书需要权衡各方因素，比如你的语言基础、该考试的通过率、你的考证目的、考试费用等等。如果要到上海工作就最好考上海证书；将来想要从事翻译这个工作而且能力比较突出的，就可以试着考人事部证书；而如果只想学习口译实际技能，不在乎证书的考试机构，厦大证书就是很好的选择；但是教育部证书没有竞争力，建议不要考。我一般建议学生考两个证书，比如一个比较容易的加上一个比较难一点的，这样学了口译以后最起码有个证书做保障，然后有能力也有精力就去冲击一个更有社会认可度的 .,The End!,Thank you!,
