1、如何写好四级作文 1审题 2选材 3. 打腹稿 4. 抄写 5. 修改,审题 一定要冷静地弄清题目要求；然后确定文章的文体以及主题思想。 一种是给出题目和提纲（中文或英文），另一种是给出题目和每一段的段首句（段首句大多是该段的主题句，其实相当于提纲）。我们应该充分利用这些信息，才不至于跑题。,2001年1月份 “How to Succeed in a Job Interview?”， 给出了两个要点（提纲）：（1）面试在求职过程中的作用（2）取得面试因素：仪表，举止谈吐，能力，专业知识，自信，实事求是,么文章要分为几段呢？ 在英语文章中，每一段只讨论一个问题。所以第（1）点显然要独立成段，第（
2、2）点因为是文章的重点所在，可以是一个长一点的段或分为几段。但要注意的是，既然第一段是一个引言，那么文章就应该还有一个总结的段落，这是原提纲中没给出来的,3. 打腹稿 打腹稿是不可省略的一步，但却为许多人所忽视。其实打腹稿就相当于我们平时写作时打草稿，只是考试时没有时间，也没有纸用来打草稿。 建议平时写作时，要养成良好的习惯，即使在打草稿时也要仔细想一想要怎么写，在脑子中先将文章“读”一篇。 打腹稿时，首先要考虑文章的开头和结尾，然后是各个段落间的衔接和过渡，然后是各个句子怎样写，要注意用自己熟悉的、有把握的句子，同时也要注意句子之间的衔接与连贯。,4. 抄写 严格地说，第四步仅仅是将前面三步
3、的结果用笔写到试卷上。这部分不应占用太多的时间，真正需要时间的是前面的三步。,5. 修改 修改的主要任务是检查一下有无拼写和语法方面的错误，同时注意是否用词有过多的重复。 总之，在写作时切忌一边想一边写。,如何拓展主题句 对主题句常有以下要求: (1)意义完整:主题句必须是一个意义完整、符合语法结构的句子; (2)表意清晰:主题句不能包含两种或两种以上的意义,要易于识别、确认; (3)避免笼统而抽象的概述.如:The book is interesting in content. 比The book is interesting. 更好些. (4)不宜采用问句的形式,像“Is it worth
4、while to go after fashion?“不宜作为主题句.,化抽象的概述为细节的描述 举实例Music is everywhere. We can hear it in restaurants, airports, hospitals, supermarkets and many other public places.,常用语汇 for example, for instance, such as, like, as proof, thus, takeas an example, to illustrate A simple example is.;Take.as an exam
5、ple.; An illustration will make the point clear.; First, consider the case of, is a case in point.,2. 从不同角度选材/分类 Science and technology benefits human being much. Science makes it possible for a nation to ensure food and clothing(农业方面), science can make people live longer(医学方面), and its science that
6、 makes it a small world(通讯方面).,分类时常用： most of all， next，moreover， in addition，besides，furthermore，to begin with，to start with，first of all，first，second，third,3.做比较 写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的 。正说， 反说， 打比方 On the contrary, conversely, Learning English is like building a house. Laying a solid foun
7、dation is the first and most important step.,常用语汇相似的比较：at the same time, similar to, accordingly, both, show a degree of similarity, similarly, lie and so , the same as, and too, in the same way, in a like manner, in the same manner, likewise, compared with, in comparison 相反的比较：on the other hand, co
8、nversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with , ,4.分析原因 在段落一开头，就用主题句点明其因果关系，然后选用有关材料，客观的罗列某些原因或结果，以证阐述的中心思想。 Growing numbers of well-to-do Americans are making the decision to move abroad. They find it impossible in America to walk the streets at night
9、without fear of being raped, mugged, or murdered, nor do they see a way to escape the poisonous air of the cities.,因果关系常用语汇: because of, so, owing to, thanks to, thus, as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in, result from, lead to, therefore, due to,5.换言
10、之 没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。 实际就是重复重复再重复！下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you! I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you. I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you. 更多短语：in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply, that is to say,
11、开头万能公式一：名人名言 有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！ 原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？ 经典句型： A proverb says/goes, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言） It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言） 更多经典句型： As everyone knows, No one can deny that,2
12、 开头万能公式二：数字统计 原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。 According to a recent survey, about 78.9 of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： Honesty 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78都,结尾万能公式： 1 结尾万能公式一：如此结论 说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个
13、“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！,更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型： Thus, it can be conclude
14、d that, Therefore, we can find that,结尾万能公式二：如此建议 如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！ Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？,更多句型： Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be t
15、aken. Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. 1. In my opinion, 2. Personally, 3.As far as Im concerned, ,写作的“七项基本原则： 一、 长 短 句原则: 长短句结合 二、 主 题 句原则： 首句主题，主题明确 三、 一 二 三原则： 列举，信号词清晰 四、 短语优先原则： 五、 多实少虚原则: 六、 多变句式原则 七、 挑战极限原则: 使用独立主格结构,一 二 三原则 1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原
16、因：俗） 2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗） 3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗） 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗) 5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）,6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐） 7）first and
17、foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐） 8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况） 10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况 ),四、 短语优先原则 I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.,五、 多实少虚原则 N
18、ice: generous, humorous, smart, gentle, walk out of the room 小偷：slip out of the room 小孩：dance out of the room 老人：stagger out of the room,六多变句式原则： 1）加法（串联） 都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子先后关系或者并列关系 I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. Not only the fur coat is soft, but it
19、 is also warm. 其它的短语可以用： besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover,2）转折（拐弯抹角） 批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个转折词就够了。 The car was quite old, yet it was not in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语： despite that, st
20、ill, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding,3）因果（so, so, so） 昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！ The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语： then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a resul
21、t, for this reason, so that,4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重） 有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。 举例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分： When to go, Why he goes away,5）附加（多此一举） 如果有
22、了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。 The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I dont enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 其实很简单，同位语-要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or tha
23、t 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。,6）排比（排山倒海句） 文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！ Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oi
24、l, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. （气势恢宏）要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！,七、 挑战极限原则 既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！ 原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词
25、要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。,怎样写大学英语图表式作文 图表式作文是四级考试中较难的一种作文类型（2002年6月的考试便是一例）。它要求考生根据图表所给出的信息，写出所要表达主题的作文。图表式作文一般可分三段来写： 第一段描述出图表反映的总情况，选用能充分说明主题的典型数据来描写。 第二段对数字进行仔细的分析比较，归纳出增减速率并找出产生变化的原因。 第三段写读图表后的想法和评论，从而得出自己的结论。,Changes in Peoples Diet: foodYear 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Grain 49% 47% 46.5% 45% 45% Milk 10%
26、 11% 11% 12% 13% Meat 17% 20% 22.5% 23% 21% Fruit and vegetable 24% 22% 20% 20% 21% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%,饼状 pie chart 曲线图：line graph 柱状：bar graph表格：table,Changes in Peoples Diet“一文是1991年6据三段法写作的原则， 第一段阐述近6年来人们饮食上变化的总况（包括哪些需求的降低或增加）。 第二段是文章的重点，着重说明变化的原因。从归纳出的原因中反映出了人们现在在经济实力提高的前提下更加注意科学的营养。
27、 第三段则从个人的理解得出结论，展示人们饮食结构的变化所带来的益处和光明的前景，从而使主题思想更突出。,Changes in Peoples Diet As can be seen from the table, great changes took place in peoples diet from 1986 to 1990. The consumption of grain decreased year by year, while that of some high-energy food, such as milk and meat, increased steadily.,Whil
28、e were there changes in peoples diet? There were two major reasons, I think. First, people could afford to buy more expensive food with better nutrition. Second, people paid more attention to the quality of their diet, because they knew it was of great benefit to their health to eat in a scientific
29、way. Therefore, they were trying their best to improve the structure of their food.,From the above, we can see that peoples living standard improved markedly in the five years between 1986-1990. And we can also expect that their life would be more prosperous in years to come.,写作模板图表式作文 It is obvious
30、 in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of (多少).,What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are (多少) reasons behind the si
31、tuation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, (第一个原因). More importantly, (第二个原因). Most important of all, (第三个原因).,From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if
32、 necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).,（一）常用关联词： 1.Listing and Adding:（列举）To begin with, in the first place, in/at the beginning, first of all, secondly (then, thirdly, next,), finally, in the end, at last, in addition, as well, similarly, for example, for instance, a case in point, as
33、 an illustration , such as2.Going Forward:（递进） Whats more, moreover, furthermore, not only but also, in addition, what is more similar, likewise, in other words, last but not least,3.Summing up:（总结）To sum up, in a word, to be brief, on the whole, generally speaking, personally speaking, as far as be
34、 concerned, in a brief, 4.Explaining:（解释）In other words, that is to say, such as, for example, for instance, in this case, namely, frankly speaking, is a case in point, serves as an illustration,5.Cause and effect:（因果）As a result, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, owing to, due to, on this that
35、account, as a consequence, because, 6.Contrast:（转折）In / by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand / side, nevertheless, whereas, while, yet, but, however, even so /though,7.Comparison:（比较） In like manner, likewise, in the same way, similarly, in comparison with, 8.Purpose:（目的）For this purpose,
36、 with this subject, ,9.Time:（时间）In the meantime, meanwhile, at length, soon, later, in the past, now, since then, until then, from then on, after a while, soon after, in the first place, 10.Intensification:（强调）Indeed, in fact, in any event, in any case, at no time, to tell the truth, absolutely no w
37、ay, under no circumstances, in any case, on no account , no doubt, as a matter of fact,11.Expressing Point of View:（表达）From my point of view, in my opinion, as for me, as far as be concerned, in the light of the foregoing, from all of the above, 12. Selection: (选择) rather than, alternatively, instea
38、d of, not but, whether or, either or, neither nor,（I）说明原因型 模块（一） Nowadays ,there are more and more XX in some big cities . It is estimated that ( 1 ). Why have there been so many XX ? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is that ( 2 ) .Besides,( 3 ) . The third reason is ( 4 ).T
39、o sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to ( 5 ).It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing ,( 6 ).On the other hand ,( 7 ). All these measures will certainly reduce the number of XX .,注释： （1）用具体数据说明XX现象 （2）原因一 （3）原因二 （4）原因三 （5）指出主要原因 （6）解决建议一 （7）解决建议二,（1）用于描写漫画、图表的常用句型 1.As the g
40、raph depicts , 2.From the cartoon /picture , we can see that 3.According to the statistics shown in the first /second graph , 4.The table shows / indicates / reveals that 5.It can be seen /concluded from the picture / table / figures that ,（2）用于句首提出论题或现象的句型 1.Recently , has become the focus of the s
41、ociety . 2.has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life . 3.Nowadays there is a growing concern for 4.has become a common occurrence in our daily life . 5.Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of 6.There is an old / popular saying / prov
42、erb which says / goes ,（3）用于比较、阐述不同观点的常用句型 1.Some people like / prefer , while others are / feel inclined to 2.There are different opinions among people as to Some believe whole hold 3.Some people claim that is superior to Others , however , disagree with it . 4.On the one hand , people tend to On t
43、he other hand , they feel 5.Some people argue that Others , in contrast , believe that 6.Although more and more people come to believe there are still others who insist that ,（4）用于陈述个人观点/想法的常用句型 1.My own experience tells me that 2.In my opinion , we should attack more importance to 3.Personally , I
44、prefer 4.In my view , both sides are partly right in that 5.But for me , I would rather 6.As regards me , I tend to choose ,（5）用于书信写作的常用句型 1.It is a pleasure for me invite you on behalf of to accept 2.Thanks so much for your letter , which arrived 3.I am writing to you in connection with 4.I would l
45、ike to know some information on 5.It will be appreciated if you can / could 6.I look forward to hearing from you .,（6）用于结尾的常用句型 1.From what has been discussed / mentioned above , we may conclude that 2.Therefore , it is not difficult to draw / come to the conclusion that 3.From all the reasons / con
46、sideration above , it is evident / clear / obvious that 4.Taking into account all these factors , we may reach the conclusion that ,5.It is essential that effective measure be taken to 6.From what has been discussed above , we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that 7. On the whole , it is high time that every one 8. Judging by the figures / statistics , it is not difficult to see that ,
