1、名词性从句,Grammar and usage,Noun Clauses,名词性从句,Grammar and usage,Noun Clauses,在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。,名词从句,His job is important.,What he does is important.,This is his job.,This is what he does every da
2、y.,名词性从句在功能上相当于名词,主语,表语,I dont like his job.,I dont like what he does every day.,I dont know about the man, Mr. White.,I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.,宾语,同位语,At lunch time, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. The truth is that the f
3、og is too thick for the bus to run that far. What surprised me most was that the old man couldnt see anything. The fact that Polly didnt ask for the mans name is a pity.,Find clauses from the following sentences and tell the functions of them.,Appositive Clause (同位语从句),Subject Clause (主语从句),Object C
4、lause (宾语从句),Predicative Clause (表语从句),Do the Exercise on page 9,Useful Phrases,闻不同的味道breathe in different smells 被要求不吃不喝be required not to eat or drink 嗅各种好闻的味道sniff various pleasant smells 再也忍受不了那疼痛no longer tolerate the pain 和疼痛有关be related to pain 对感到好奇be curious about 分析结果analyse the results 与识
5、别婴儿的体味有关be linked to recognizing the smell of babies 相信，坚信become convinced that 依然是个谜remain a puzzle,引导名词性从句的连接词,连接词that, if, whether,as if（不充当任何成分） 疑问代词who, whom, what, which，whoever, whose等 疑问副词when, where, how, why,主语从句,Subject Clause,主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。,主语从句做主句的主语
6、。如： What we have done is in the interest of the people.引导主语从句的词有： 连词：that, whether代词：what, who, which 等副词：when, where, how, why,1 That he will succeed is certain. 2 Whether he will go there is not known. 3 What he said is not true. 4 Where he hid the money is to be found out . 5 Whoever comes is wel
7、come. 6 How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting.,为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语。,1. It is certain that he will succeed. 2. It is not known whether he will go there.,“It” is used as empty subject,形式主语,(1) It is 名词 从句It is a fact that It is an honor that It is common sense
8、 that (2) It is 形容词 从句It is natural that It is strange that (3) It is 过去分词 从句It is reported that It is said that (4) It 不及物动词 从句It seems that It happened that It appears that,it作形式主语的结构,主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) t
9、hat It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that,宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句， 通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。,1）引导宾语从句的词有：连词：that, whether, if代词：who, whose, what, which副词：when, where, how, why 例如： I think (that) watching TV too much is bad for peoples
10、 health. I wonder if you can do me a favour. Im interested in who that tall man is.,1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句,由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体 中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,从第二个分句开始，that不可省。例如： He has told me （that） he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. He told me (that) he would come and that he would come on time.,
11、在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如： I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.,2.疑问词引导的名词性从句,用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoev
12、er, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如： I want to know what he has told you. She always thinks of how she can work well. She will give whoever needs help a warm support.,他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。 How was he successful is still a puzzle. ( ) How he was successful is still a puzzle. ( ),你能告诉我
13、他住在什么地方吗？ Could you tell me where he lives? ( ) Could you tell me where does he live? ( ),F,T,T,F,3. if 和whether 的选用,a. 引导主语从句、表语从句和引导同位语从句时， 要用连词whether，不用if； Whether we sleep well is important. The problem whether he is going to recover keeps me thinking. My question is whether Polly can find her
14、way home. b.动词后的宾语从句用whether和if引导 ，而介词 后(discuss)的宾语从句只用whether； She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running. She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong,c.习惯上只能说whether or not，而不说if or not；People often ask whether or not we should develop all our senses.I want to know
15、whether or not the train goes to King Street. d.动词不定式作宾语时只用whether引导; I cant decide whether to take her advice. e.if有“如果”的意思 I dont know if/whether he will come. If he comes, I will tell him the truth.,if / whether 1. I asked her _ she had a bike. 2._ we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow de
16、pends on the weather. 3. Were worried about _ he is safe. 4. I dont know _ or not he is well. 5. The question is _ he should do it. 6. I dont know _ to go.,if / whether,Whether,whether,whether,whether,whether,a.他相信他的梦想总有一天会实现的。 He believes _ .b.请告诉我你昨天这个时候在干什么。 Please tell me _ .,his dream will come
17、 true some day,at this time yesterday,宾语从句的时态呼应,1. 如果主句时态是现在时或将来时,从句谓语可根据句意需要而选用任一种时态。,what you were doing,他告诉我他正在为考试做准备。 He told me _ . 他说他已离开家乡十年了。 He told me _. 老师告诉我们光是沿直线运行的。 The teacher told us _.,he was preparing for the examination,he had been away from his hometown for ten years,light trave
18、ls in a straight line,2. 如果主句谓语是过去时,从句谓语动词一般用过去的某种时态,但从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然规律等时,从句谓语通常用一般现在时。,5.否定前移,think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如： We dont think you are here.I dont believe he will do so.,The question is whether we can rely on him. Thats because we we
19、re in need of money at that time. He looked as if he was going to cry. Thats why I was late. 表语从句:在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后。 作用：对主语进行解释说明。,表语从句,注意: 当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如： The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning,1. The reason _ we didnt trust him
20、was _ he often lied 2. The reason _ he gave for his absent was _ he was ill.,reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导, 不能用why引导, 但reason后面的定语从句可以用why 或者that 引导。,在名词性从句中，我们还须特别注意以下问题：,why,that,that,that,1.同位语从句的格式： 2.能接同位语从句的名词有：3.连接词通常是that,也可根据含义选用,n.+ 连接词 + 从句,fact, idea, news, order, belief, suggestion, advice, in
21、formation等,whether, what, when, where 等来引导同位语从句。,同位语从句,同位语从句在句中充当同位语成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词(idea ；belief ； fact ； truth ；problem ；news等)后面，对名词作进一步解释说明。The flower/desk/table The question/promise/suggestion,1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.,
22、2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit inChina./ We heard the news last night.,_,_,The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.,_,_ _,We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.,4. Time travel is
23、possible./ There is no scientific proof for the idea.,3. Teenagers should not spend too much time online./ Many British parents hold the view.,_,Many British parents hold the view that teenagersshouldnt spend too much time online.,_,_,There is no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is pos
24、sible.,同位语从句和定语从句的区别,that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 比较: I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句，不能省略) Have you got the idea (that) this book gives you of life in ancient Greece? (that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略),名词和同位语从句不一定紧紧相连 3. Information has been p
25、ut forward _ more graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as8. The question came up at the meeting_we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if,that的省略 A在口语及非正式文体中，that常省略。,Bthat不能省略的情况：一、句中的动词后接两个或两个以上的that 从句作宾语时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。 H
26、e said (that) he couldnt tell you right awayand that you wouldnt understand. 二、当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间 有插入语时，that一般不可省。 Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.,三.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时， that不可省。I must never tell anyone that I could not
27、 see the cloth. 四、当that宾语从句前有it作形式宾语时，that 不可省。 I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice,1. I dont think _ she is coming. 2. It is a pity _ he has made such a mistake. 3. The reason is _ he is careless. 4. The news _ our team won the match inspired us. 5. I dont think it necessary _
28、 you should read English aloud. 6. He told me _ his father had died and _ he had to make a living alone.,(that),that,that,that,that,(that),that,that/ (that),其它连接代词和副词的连用,主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义，正确的选择 who、which、when、where、why、 how 等连接词，这些连接词既具有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。,1._he does has nothing to do with me. A
29、. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If 4. This is _the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed. A. there B. in which C. where D. when 14._all the inventions have in common is _they have succeeded. A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what,17. _caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
30、A. What B. That C. How D. Where 23_ moved us most was_he looked after the old man for more than twenty years. A. That; that B. What; that C What; what D. That; what 24._ you did it is not known to all. A. Who B. What C. How D. Which,that/ whether / where/ how,11. _more countries can use natural ener
31、gy in the future remains to be seen. A. Whether B. This C. who D. If 18._has passed the test will get a prize . A. Whoever B. No mater who C. Whomever D. Who 22_ gets home first is to cook the supper. A. Who B.Whom C.Those who D.Whoever,25._ you do should be well done. A. How B. That C. Whatever D.
32、Why,Practice time,Part A and Part B on page 11.,有意义、有道理make sense 充分利用我们的感觉make the most of our senses 感到焦虑feel anxious 忽视我们的触觉和嗅觉ignore our senses of touch and smell 而不是rather than 艰难地走回营地make ones way back to the research camp 在大雪中挣扎struggle through the thick snow 靠近营地get close to the camp 因恐惧而流汗s
33、weat with fear 突然、猛地all of a sudden 突然响起ring out 因为恐惧而呆住be frozen by fear,Language Points,名词性从句连接词的选用,that 和what 的选用,that 和 what 都可引导所有的名词从句。但是，what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。,that / what,1. _ he wants is a book. 2. _ he wants to go there is obvious. 3. The result is _ we won the game. 4. This is _ we want to know. 5. Is _ he told us true ? 6. We should pay attention to _ the teacher is saying. 7. I have no doubt _ he will come. 8. I have no idea _ he did that afternoon.,What,That,that,what,what,what,that,what,Thank you!,
