1、英语语法I,罗书全 13826300926,导论,1、语言的层级结构 字母（无意义）-音素（声音，无意义）-词素（声音组合，最小有意义单位）-组合规则单词（完整书写单位）-搭配与修饰-词组组合规则分句逻辑与组合关系句子逻辑衔接与连贯语篇 2、语法的定义：语言的构成规则 -狭义的语法：红色加粗部分的语言规则（词法与句法） -广义的定义：所有红色部分的规则 -理论语法的定义：红色加粗斜体部分规则（句法）,本书内容格局,第一部分：总论(导论、第1，2，3讲） 第二部分：词法（第4-26讲） 第三部分：句法 （第27-40讲）,0.1 词素,词素：最小的语法和语义单位 词素的两大类： 1。自由词素（
2、简单词）：具有完整意义；能单独使用 2。粘附词素：没有完整意义；不能单独使用（派生词缀和屈折词缀） 屈折词缀有哪些： 词素的变体（拼法；语音）,0.2 词,1.按构词法分：简单词，复合词，派生词 2.按语法功能分：开放词类（实词）和封闭词类（虚词）,0.3 词组,1。名词词组 2。动词词组 3。形容词词组 4。副词词组 5。介词词组,0.4-5 分句与句子,分句：主语+谓语，可以理解为简单句 句子：是最高一级的语法单位，它建筑在分句的基础上，它可以包括一个或是一个以上的分句；当句子只包括一个分句时，句子和分句是没有区别的。,0.5.2 句子类型,1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语
3、(或并列谓语)。 He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.There is no time left.2) 并列句:由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是
4、光明的,道路是曲折的。,0.5.2 句子类型,3)复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. 4）并列复合句：由并列连词或其它并列手段连接一个或一个以上复合句作并列成分构成。 They watched television and enjoyed themselves immensely ,but we couldnt see the progr
5、am because our television was broken.,练习,判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句: 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there? 4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at
6、 seven in the evening. 5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 6. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it? 9. The farmer is show
7、ing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 1、简单句;2、复合句;3、简单句;4、简单句;5、并列句;6、并列复合句;7、并列句;8、复合句;9、简单句;10、简单句,Assignment,Sum up the hierarchical structure of language Preview lecture 1,第一讲 句子结构,结构成分,本书只把句子成分分为：主，谓（动），宾，状，补 ，5个主要成分。 中学：主，谓，宾，定，状，补，还有表语，同位语，8个成分。,结构成分,主语：表
8、示句子说的是什么人或什么事，通常放在句子前部。充当词类：名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语，句子等。 谓语：说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样，通常在主语后。（除疑问句，倒装句外）。由动词或动词词组充当。 宾语：表示动作，行为的对象，在及物动词或介词后。充当词类同主语。 表语：与系动词连用，一起构成谓语部分，说明主语的性质，特征。常在系动词后,结构成分,定语：用来修饰名词，代词；单个词常在被修饰词的前面，短语或句子在被修饰词后。充当词类：形，代，数，名，介词等。 状语：修饰动，形，副，表示动作发生的时间，地点，目的，方式等，位置教灵活。充当词类：副词，介词短语等。 宾补：逻辑上与宾语是“主谓”关系，
9、放在宾语后。充当词类：形，名，介词短语等。 同位语：重复指代并进一步说明名词及名词性短语，在被修饰词后。充当词类：名词，名词性短语，从句等。,位置关系,句子成分八大类，主在前，谓居中，宾表定状补辅助；宾主来自名代数；形代定语主宾前，短语作定放后边；物是直人是间，双宾直前to,for连；地状常在时状前，宾补跟在宾后边。,句子结构类型的决定因素,由3种不同类型的谓语动词决定： 1。及物动词：之后须带宾语。（svo,svoO,svoc) 2。不及物动词：之后不须带宾语。(sv) 3。连系动词：有be (am, is, are),还有半系动词（seem, smell,feel,taste,come,
10、turn, get, become等）(svc),主要结构类型,基本句型 一 +（主谓） 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语等 状语。,主要结构类型,基本句型 二 + +（主系表） 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn,go等属另一类，表示变化。,主要
11、结构类型,基本句型 三 + +（主谓宾） 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,主要结构类型,基本句型 四 + +IO +（主谓间宾直宾） 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。,主要结构类型,基本句型 五 + + +（主谓宾宾补） 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但
12、是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,类型区分口诀,英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵；句型种类为动词，后接什么是关键；系词后面接表语，vi 独身无牵连；vt 又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见；还有宾语补足语；各种搭配记心间。,练习,请判断下列简单句的结构类型（57种基本句型） 1.He is running. He is interesting. 2.The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry. 3.The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of qu
13、estions. 4.She seemed angry. 5.Robert raised an important question. 6.Why do you keep your eyes closed？ 7.Will you tell an exciting story to us？ 8.I live in Meizhou. 9.Hes growing impatient. 10.She grows potatoes in the garden.,练习答案,1.He is running. (SV) 2.The loud voice from the upstairs made him a
14、ngry. (SVOC) 3.The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions. (SVO) 4.She seemed angry. (SVC) 5.Robert raised an important question. (SVO) 6.Why do you keep your eyes closed？(SVOC) 7.Will you tell an exciting story to us？(SVOO) 8.I live in Meizhou. (SVA) 9.Hes growing impatient. (SVC)
15、10.She grows potatoes in the garden. (SVO),1.2 基本句型及其转换与扩大,基本句型的扩大手段： 1。使用并列句 2。增加修饰成分：如短语定语，非谓语动词短语，介词短语等。 3。使用从句,1.2 基本句型及其转换与扩大,下面以基本句型五（v+o+o.c）为例： We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。 We found the great hall full of students and teachers. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。 We found the great hall full of students
16、and teachers listening to an important report. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。 We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告,补充：句子的两层基本结构,我们可以将英语句子分为
17、主次两层结构： -主要结构为第一讲所讲到的句子主干结构（main frame），如John (S)bites(V) a dog(O), SVO就构成了主干结构; 再如He(S) explains (V) that the training is for the further experiement(C), SVC也构成一个主干结构。注意主干结构的成分除了动词外都可以是分句（Clause）或非谓语词短语 （Non-finite verbal phrase）,补充：句子的两层结构,次要结构为修饰主干结构各成分的修饰语，主要有： 1、名词修饰语，用以修饰名词性主干成分，包括主语、宾语，如stone
18、 bridge, paper clothing, spider man等，但通常不能修饰名词性分句和短语。 2、形容词修饰语，作用于名词修饰语相同，如red shirts。,补充：句子的两层结构,3、关系修饰语，可以直接修饰（或限定）名词性成分，例如： The French King who is a bald-headed man is dead. 也可以修饰主干成分里的某个先行词成分，例如： Tom claims that he has lost the watch his father gave him as his birthday present. 也可以修饰整个主句，例如： He
19、brought back a snake as his pet, which scared all of the neighbours to death.,补充：句子的两层结构,4、副词修饰语，用于修饰动词和表语，例如：rain heavily; pretty good 5、状语修饰语，用于修饰动词，有的人也认为是修饰全句，如As it is dark now, we have to stop here. 6、介词短语修饰语，多数的介词短语做状语修饰语，但也有的可以用于限定名词成分，如：the girl in blue; the class at weekends.,补充：句子的分层解析,由于
20、句子的结构不是线性，而是分层的，我们可以对长句和难句进行分层解析，例如： After having served only this one term in the US congress(状语修饰语）, the bald-headed(形容词修饰语） guy（S) was defeated（V) for re-election（C) permanently（副词修饰语） as he failed in fulfilling his duty(状语修饰语）.,补充：句子的分层解析,实际上，对于分句修饰语成分我们还可以做进一步的分析，这需要用到另一种标示方法： After /having ser
21、ved /only this one term /in the US/ /congress/, the bald-headed/ /guy /was defeated/ for re-election /permanently /as /he /failed /in /fulfilling /his/ duty. 这样我们就把一个长句分成了无数个层次。,Assignment,Exercises：1a，1b，1c Preview lecture 2,Lecture 2 & 3 Agreement,agreement or concord: a form of cross-reference (互
22、相对照) between different parts of a sentence or phrase. 一致关系：分句（clause）中各个成分之间都保持着一定的呼应关系。The number of errors was surprising.The committee are unable to reach a decision. Either my sisters or my father is coming.,主语和谓语的一致 名词和代词的一致 句子主语与状语逻辑主语的一致 同等/平行成分的一致,指导原则 grammatical concord (语法/形式一致)notional c
23、oncord (意义/语言概念一致) principle of proximity (毗邻/就近一致),I. 主语和谓语的一致（subject-predicate agreement）,1 语法一致: the principle of grammatical concord refers to the rule that the verb must match its subject in number.“数”的形式Both boys have their own merits.Every girl comes on time.Much effort is wasted.1) 谓语动词采用单数
24、形式的情况 2) 谓语动词采用复数形式的情况 3) 谓语动词的单复数形式视情况而定,1) 谓语动词采用单数形式的情况 可数名词单数、不可数名词、动名词、不定式、从句等作主语时，谓语通常用单数。 Much milk is offered to him. Reading aloud is very important in learning English.To nod ones head means agreement. What is needed is act. That they were wrong in these matters is now clear to us all., 由a
25、s well as, as much as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than等引导的结构跟在主语后面，不能看成是并列主语。主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，如是单数，其谓语动词仍用单数形式。My father, as well as my mother, has a key to the office. The man together with his
26、wife and children sits there watching TV.His sister no less than you is wrong. The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students., 有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是多数，谓语动词仍要使用单数形式。这类代词有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyon
27、e, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。Neither likes the friends of the other. Everything around us is matter., 当one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。One of those students has passed the exam. A series of pre-recorded tapes
28、 has been prepared for language lab use.Cf.Two series of lectures have been scheduled., 如果名词词组中心词是数词one，后跟由in/out of/of引导的介词词组，这种主语结构一般根据语法一致的原则采用单数动词。One out of twenty was badly damaged. The check-ups on these 5000 cars disclosed that one of four was defective., 由more than one (+单数名词），many a +单数名词作
29、主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。More than one student has passed the exam. Many a man has sacrificed his life for the cause of the revolution. 如果more than后面是复数名词，则谓语动词要用复数。More than two hundred students have attended the lecture., and连接主语时，以下情况谓语动词用单数形式。a. 由and连接的两个名词指同一人/物/事/概念时，谓语用单数。? Whisky and soda is always my
30、favorite drink. ? The secretary and accountant of the company was absent at the meeting. ? There is a watch and chain on the table.,b. 由each and each /every and every/no and no /many a and many a 连接的名词作主语时，谓语用单数。Each man and each woman has a chance to be raised in our company. Thanks to the Hope Pro
31、ject, no boy and no girl in this village doesnt go to school at the age of seven.,c. 由“不可数名词+and连接的后置并列修饰语”作主语时，谓语用单数。Beer from the USA and Germany is much better than that from Britain. Cf. 由“and连接的前置并列修饰语+不可数名词”作主语时，谓语用复数。 Good and bad meat in the market _ sold out. (is or are?),are,2) 谓语动词采用复数形式的
32、情况 复数主语、用and或both and连接的名词短语、动词不定式短语、动名词短语及主语从句作主语，谓语动词多用复数形式。 Many natural materials are becoming scarce. Both bread and butter were sold out in that grocery.What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper., 有时需根据意义来决定采用单数动词还是复数动词。Weeping and wailing _ nothing towards solving th
33、e problem.(do or does?)What I say and think _ no business of yours.(are or is?),does,are / is,在以what从句为主语的主-谓-补结构中，如果主语补语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。 What we have to learn are the pieces of language that produce inversion. What they want are promises.,在with结构里，加上both之后，with就具有and含义，谓语动词用复数形式。 Grandpa Wang with hi
34、s son, both looking very happy, are taking a walk in the park.,用“and连接并列修饰语+不可数名词”作主语时，如果所指为复数概念，则应与复数形式谓语动词搭配。 Good and bad butter are things quite different to our taste. (good and bad butter = good butter and bad butter),用“and连接两个带定冠词的名词修饰语+单数名词”作主语时，表示复数概念，则应与复数形式谓语动词搭配。 The white and the red ro
35、se are withering in the cold.The tenth and the last chapter are written by Bruce Liles.Cf.The white and red rose is withering in the cold.The tenth and last chapter is written by Bruce Liles.,3) 谓语动词的单复数形式视情况而定form of, type of, kind of结构的谓语视form, type, kind的单复数而定。This kind of apple is highly priced.
36、 These kinds of men annoy me.如果以apples/men作名词词组中心词，其后的动词则须用复数形式。Apples of this kind are highly priced.Men of this kind are dangerous.P33, 由the majority of, all of, most of, some of, none of, the rest of, plenty of, half of, lots of/a lot of, heaps of, loads of, scads of,分数/百分数+of 等 +名词/代词作主语时，谓语动词视名
37、词/代词的单复数而定。The majority of the damage is easy to repair. The majority of the criminals are non-violent. Half of the building is to be completed by spring. Half of the buildings have been painted completely.There is plenty of water in the pail. There is loads of milk on the farm.There are loads of bi
38、g red apples on the ground. Ex. Over three-quarters of the swampland _ been reclaimed. (has or have?)Two-thirds of the people present _ against the plan. (is or are?),has,are, 定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group. “Keep cool” is the first of the rules tha
39、t are to be remembered in an accident. 在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的定语从句中，关系代词who/that/which 的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。David is one of those people who _ trouble making up their minds.只有当one之前有the only等限定词修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。He is the only one of those boys who _ willing to take on anot
40、her assignment.,have,is,2 意义一致: the principle of notional concord refers to the rule that the verb can sometimes agree with the subject according to the notion of the number rather than to the actual presence of the grammatical marker for that notion.“数”的意义e.g.? The government have asked the country
41、 to decide by a vote.? Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.,1) 有些集合名词，如crowd, family, team, orchestra, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，当它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式；如就其中各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。His family is going to move. His family are very we
42、ll.The public is/are requested not to leave litter in the park., 如果这类词后跟由定语从句时，定语从句的谓语动词也要遵循意义一致的原则：强调具体成员时，谓语动词用复数，关系代词用who；强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，关系代词用which。The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find
43、a solution.,2) 有些表示总称意义的词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如people, police, militia (自卫队，国民军，民兵), cattle, poultry (家禽), vermin (害虫)等。Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common. The police are searching a tall dark man with a beard.,3) 有些名词形式上是复数，意义上却是单数，如news, means, works，还有许多以-ics结尾的学科名词，如economi
44、cs, politics, physics, mechanics等，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。Politics is a complicated business. Here is the news. 但这类学科名词表示“学科”以外的其它意义时，可作复数使用。Economics are slowly killing the family farm. Your politics are clearly more liberal than mine.,4) 表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。Twenty miles is a long way to wa
45、lk. Three pints isnt enough to get me drunk. 5) 国家、单位和书报的名称，作为一个单一的概念，其谓语动词要用单数形式。War and Peace is the longest book Ive read. General Motors has recently closed down a plant. 6) the+adj.作主语时，如果指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。The blind are taught trades in special schools. The departed was a
46、 good friend of his.,3 毗邻一致: the principle of proximity denotes agreement of the verb with a closely preceding noun phrase in preference to agreement with the head of the noun phrase that functions as subject. 就近.e.g.Either my brothers or my father is coming.No one except his own supporters agree wi
47、th him.Neither Julia nor I am going.,1) 由连词or, neither nor, either or, not only but also, nor 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则，与贴近它的主语一致。A technical manual or samples are distributed free at the exhibition. Either you or he is not telling the truth.Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been c
48、hanged., 某些带有or的习惯用语作主语时主谓一致关系的处理。A word or two _ needed here. There _ one or two things I want to tell you.(one or two things = a few things),are / is,are,2) 在there be结构中 当动词之后的名词词组是并列结构时，谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。 There is Florida or the Carolinas to choose from. There are two chairs and a desk in the o
49、ffice. 当主语是由and连接的并列物质名词或抽象名词时，其谓语动词采用单数形式。There is food and drink for everyone. Theres more leisure and money, so travel has become available to many people., 当主语的第一个并列成分带有不定冠词时，其谓语动词也采用单数形式。There was a sailboat and three rafts (木筏) at varying distance from the shore. There is a sudden sputtering (喷溅) and a kind of tiny burst or explosion as the match lights.,
