1、大学英语四级阅读理解,阅读的广泛理解知识的源泉,能力的根本利用阅读打天下,无往不胜,篇章阅读-寻找可能的技巧,阅读理解,四级考试的阅读部分主要分为快速阅读(信息匹配)和深度(仔细)阅读两个部分。深度阅读包括选词填空与题意选择两种题型, 阅读分数占全卷的35%.,阅读理解(40mins),35%,信息匹配15,深度阅读25,25%,篇章词汇5%,篇章阅读20%,10%,篇章阅读要求,选材来源 命题来源 New Scientist Newsweek The New York Times Time The Washington Post 大学英语四六级考试命题委员会,篇章阅读要求,体裁方面 议论文
2、说明文 新闻评述 记叙文,题材方面 人文科学 自然科学,阅读多为说明文、议论文,有时也会出现记叙文,但讨论的多数是社会问题,不会有很强的个人写作风格和传记色彩。 关注热点问题 环保问题 新科技的发展网络、电子、医学等 社会类问题性别歧视、子女教育、文化差异、失业率、家庭犯罪等。 经济问题 体育与社会发展相关 个人发展史夹叙夹议,与文学、历史相关。,考题要求,深度阅读中篇章阅读 考查考生要点(大纲决定考点)1 掌握主旨要义2 了解文中具体信息3 根据所读材料进行有关的判断、推理和引申4 理解作者的意图、观点或态度5 依据上下文推测生词的词义,理解个别(重点)句子的含义,速度要求,70w/ m 3
3、00350 words In fact, 只需读懂70% 2030sentences/ article 5Qs 2/3sentences 没考到 (慧眼识才,学会跳读,该略的略。) 必读内容 1.作者的观点。 判断是否为作者观点的标准(2013.6.1 one) A. 语句位置是否靠前靠前寻找 B. 用语是否抽象概括-闭上眼睛无法联想到现实生活中某个实际事物的词。 2.首段,尾段,首尾句 特别注意转折词略过内容: 1.支持观点的例证和细节 (位置通常靠后) 2. (), 内的内容,2013.6.2套.two,阅读训练方法,平时多做泛读练习以提高阅读速度 1.英文原版材料 (作者) 2.适合自己
4、水平的材料 名著的简易读本 3. 国内杂志中的英文材料 英语世界 海外沙龙 四步阅读法 1.浏览文章,抓住大意。看懂文章主题句,段落主题句2. 猜词。 (词性,感情色彩,所处语境,所搭配的介词) 3.精读。 查词,摘抄长难句并翻译, 一天一篇就足够 4.换位思考 与作者换位,如果我是作者,该如何写这篇文章。 In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria(细菌) in the mouth, although there are to her, more surprising causes. A. thrive on B. accou
5、nt for C. originate from D. descend from,篇章阅读方法,整体阅读法(先看文章后做题) 优点:全局感或整体感; 缺点:记不住细节,找答案费时间 查找阅读法(适合段落较多文章)读完第一段做第一题,做完第一题读第二题,带着问题去读第二段优点:符合题文同序的出题原则缺点:不适合主旨题和全文态度题 两者结合: 1.略读全文,把握文章大意 2m (将注意力放在文章的主题句、关联 词等部分。其余内容如具体论述、细节、数字等则可以跳过不读。) 2. 根据题干中的关键词定位原文 3.以原文为依据,进行同义替换、判断推理。,词汇要求,1. 题干中的关键词有50%能在原文中找
6、到,还有一小部分是同义词替换。(定位原文) 2013.6.1one 2.1 2.定位原文后,不一定能直接找到答案,很多时候是同义替换 A背高频词汇 (复用单词 一词多义一词多性) B.加强同义替换意识:同义替换的重要性1.找出答案位置需要同义替换意识 2.得出正确答案需要同义替换意识1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged _. 原文: , people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new surviv
7、al strategy. Answer: to give up their former way of life,长难句常涉及的类型,1.双重否定句 负负得正,把两个表示否定的结构都去掉。No, not, hardly, seldom, never little, few, small 应注意的词根词缀 de-/dis-/un-/in- You cannot make egg rolls without breaking eggs. 不打破鸡蛋,就无法做出蛋卷来。 (即:有失才有得。) There is no success without hardships 没有磨难,就没有胜利。(不经历风
8、雨,怎能见彩虹。) There exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. 世界上没有表达不了复杂思想的语言和方言。,If you do not leave me, we will die together. 怎么翻译? 如果不滚开,我就和你同归于尽。(四级水平) 你若不离不弃,我必生死相依。 (六级水平) 问世间情为何物?直教人生死相许。 (八级水平) 天地合,乃敢与君绝。 (专家水平),2.分词做状语类 (主干,现在分词、过去分词) Eg.1 Motivated in part b
9、y Christian compassion for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created the worlds first workers compensation law in 1884. Motivated by-Chancellor Bismark Q: The worlds first compensation law was introduced
10、 by Bismark _ Answer: out of religious and political considerations. 解决方法:理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系;而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。,长难句常涉及的类型,3. 定语从句类 规律:找真正的谓语动词时, 如果定语从句修饰主语,找第二个可以做谓语的动词,第一个是属于定语从句的谓语动词。 Tips. 先括出定语从句部分,跳出从句,抓住主干再解题。 The mother of the young man Wilde was intimate with accused him at the banqu
11、et of sexually influencing her son.,长难句常涉及的类型,4.倒装句类 类型 1) only/ not only/ nor/ neither在句首 2)介词短语在句首 较难 No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work. Enclosed are some pictures I have just taken. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in
12、 bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century. 伴随他们而来的是社会的流动性,人们强烈地希望在城市里发展,这是19世纪欧洲出生率下降的主要因素。,长难句涉及的类型,5.强调句型 It isthat. 应对方法: 多训练,熟悉句式,把读到过的四级文章中的所有的看不懂的长难句全部总结起来,摘抄到一个本子上面,翻译。当翻译到100句的时候,会发现长难句不过那么五六种。,命题规律,1. 转折处常考 转折一般由however, but, in fact, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet等引导的句子
13、,这些词前面的内容一般只是起到铺垫的作用。后面的才是语义和信息的焦点所在,是答案所在。 2.对比处常见的标志是: in/ by contrast with, in opposition to, on the contrary, not but, rather than, while, on the other hand 等词。 这些地方设计到两种事物、观点、情况等的对比。因此也容易成为考试的重点。,3.因果关系:因果关系可以用不同的词汇和结构来表达。 连词:because, since, for, as, so, therefore, consequently, as a result; 动词
14、或动词词组:cause, result in, result from, oweto, attribute to, originate from, arise from等; 4. 从句:英语文章较长,结构复杂的句子经常会吸引命题者的注意,成为考点。 特别要定语从句和同位语从句。 5. 分词结构:现在分词/ 过去分词 分词不像从句,没有明确的引导词,很可能误以为是主句的一部分,可能对句子产生误解。,6.特殊标点符号处 破折号:对前面的内容进行解释说明、或补充,常考细节题。 引号:表示引用、强调或讽刺,常考细节,语义或态度题。 冒号/括号:对前面的内容进行解释,常考细节题。 7.最高级 First
15、, last, most, least 等词表示最高级,因为意义绝对,答案唯一,解题简单。,Example,But my own worry is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence,
16、 those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading 32. The authors biggest concern is _. Concern-worry biggestlessthan D. the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class. skill act of reading,正确答案特征,(一)答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项 这些
17、语气词有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly等。 例(1) One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that _ A. the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificant.B. peoples traditional concepts about wor
18、k no longer hold true. C. most people have to take part-time jobs. D. people have to change their jobs from time to time. (分析:四个选项中,C、D两项中都含有“have to“,语气太绝对化,一般被排除。考生在剩下两项中进行选择,就大大降低了难度。),(二)选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有: can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多数),more or less, relatively, b
19、e likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。例(1)It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes_ AAmericans are more ambitious than people in other countries B. in many countries success often depends on ones social status C. American businesses are more democratic than those i
20、n other countries D. businesses in other countries are not as competitive as those in America (分析:选项B中often 一词,语气委婉,不十分肯定,故为答案。而其它三项中所表达出的语气都明显绝对化。),(三)选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项,而同义替换的一般是选项。 例(1)According to Dr. David, Americans _Aare ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life B. often neglect the conse
21、quences of sleep deficit C. do not know how to relax themselves properly D. can get by(应对) on 6.5 hours of sleep (分析:答案项中A、D两项基本上是原文中句子的原现,故被排除。),(四)较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的,选项一般是答案项。 例(1)which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage? AMusical instruments developed through the years
22、will sooner or later be replaced by computers. B. Music cant be passed on to future generations unless its recorded. C. Folk songs cant be spread unless they are printed on music sheet. D. the development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect. (分析:根据短文内容可以看出,A、B、C三项的内容都只是从某一个方面
23、阐述了一种观点,而D项句子所表达的意思就较全面,高度囊括了全篇短文的主旨。),(五)选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的(字面意思)一般不是答案项,而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。 Eg. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one Ato be more successful in his career B. to solve technical problems C. to be more specialized in his field D. to develop his professional skill
24、(分析:题意是“从文中看出员工素质有助于人们 .。“ B“解决技术问题“;C“深化专业“;D项“发展职业技能“。这三项表达的意思都比较具体,而A项则概括地有深度,包括了B、C、D三项内容。),(六)选项中较符合常识的,易明白的一般不是选项;而似乎不太合理,一时较难理解的往往是正确选项。 例(2)Raising children, in the authors opinion, is _.Aa moral duty B. a thankless jobC. a rewarding task D. a source of inevitable pain(分析:题目问的是,“依作者观点,抚养孩子是
25、”。 依据我们日常生活所闻所见,抚养孩子就是A. “一种道德责任” B.“不求回报的工作”。我们都觉得抚养孩子是人生义务,是天经地义的。这两项太熟悉了,因而一般不是答案。而C项“有回报的任务“,似乎不太合人情味、合乎常识。但这样的选项就是答案。D项有inevitable一词,语气太绝对化,故排除掉。),当你猜答案时,1“体现中心思想的选项是答案” 2“看似合理的不是答案;看似不合理的是答案” 3、“照抄原文的不是答案;和原文同义替换的是答案” 4、“含义肯定的不是答案;含义不肯定的是答案” 5、“含义绝对的选项不是答案” 6、“含义具体的选项不是答案,含义概括的选项是答 7、“含有some(包
26、括someone、somebody、some time、something、certain等)的选顷是答案” 8、简单的不是答案,复杂的是答案 9、发展变化是答案。 10、“含有表示重要的选项是答案”表示“重要”的词主要有:important、necessity, essential等,解题步骤,把握文章主旨大意标重点 快速阅读文章本体。重点是掌握文章大意及每一段大概讲什么。因此,第一段和每一段的首末句要仔细阅读。 记叙文阅读最基本是抓四大要素,即时间、地点、人物和事件 ,但现在流行的是:通过作者的叙述想表达一个观点。 议论文是阐明作者对人或事的好坏的立场观点,因此在阅读时必须知道:作者观点、
27、作者态度。 应用文阅读应简明扼要地抓住说明的事物 。 首先,把握文章的主旨大意。 标注文章的重点。 英语文章的重点主要有以下几点:强转折:比较处; 主旨句.,扫描题干抓关键。,即首先看选项,划出题干中的的关键词。题干关键词包括:数字、人名地名、专有名词、引号里的词语等等。 组合每段的主旨,确定答案位于第几段。 带着一定的关键词去读。,定位原文解剖句子,就是在读完一遍文章的基础上,再看一遍问题。带着题干中的关键词迅速回原文定位,即找出这个问题出现在原文的第几段第几行。需要注意的一点,阅读出题顺序由于是高度一致,所以一定要在文章当中找到出处。 (前后可加读两到三行)。,克服不良阅读习惯,把英语译成
28、汉语。其实一篇阅读理解真正精读的只有五六句话,其他的成分一般需要泛读或者略读。精度就是每一个词每一个句子都力求读懂;而泛读就是指理清关系大意即可,不要把整篇文章个通读一遍并翻译一遍。 遇到难词就停下来 。没有必要把每一个单词都读懂。关键是能否在读完文章之后,把与问题相关的几个句子找出来。因此,遇到生词,我们可以尝试猜词。一旦猜不出,不要做过多停留,跳过即可。,按照“意群”来阅读,“意群”,就是“意思的群体”,它可以向读者传达一组信息。比如,介词短语、不定式、长主语等都可以视为一个意群。因此,我们在阅读理解的过程中,一旦遇到上述地方(介词短语、不定式、长主语等),需要停顿一下。有效的断开句子,分
29、清意群,不仅可以提高阅读速度,更便于读者对文章的理解。,主旨态度最后做,如果在五个问题中,第一个问题就问你,文章的中心思想、作者的写作意图或者做这些这篇文章的态度是什么。这时候考生可以先放过去。因为考生阅读第一遍文章的时候,只是掌握住文章粗枝大叶,对文章还没有形成一个比较全面地了解。因此可以先放过去先做其他四个问题,待做完其他四个问题的时候再去作主旨题或是态度题,这样准确率就比较高一些。这类题目作对的正确与否有可能直接决定着其他四个选项的正确率。,篇章阅读要求,题型介绍 事实细节题 推理判断题 语义理解题 主旨大意题 观点态度题,事实细节题,步骤: 1.准确定位 1)关键词-A。 专有名词 (
30、人名,地名)B。比较明显的描述性词汇C。副词、形容词,尤其一些程度词,比较词。D.特殊印刷字体 及其同义替换 Eg.1According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager _. 原文: A few Line 4, Para 2),事实细节题,2.选项分析 同义替换 (很少原文照搬) B. a persons outward appearance is not a critical qualification.排除干扰项 - 联系主题 3.干扰项特征: 1) 偷梁
31、换柱 越像的越不对提问方式:灵活多样,涉及短文的各种细节,如时间 地点原因结果方式等 理解要点:具体信息和概念性含义 解题步骤:通常从一个句子中找到答案 定位分析和选项分析,细节题的常考点,举例、列举处。关键词:for example, such as, firstly, on the other hand, in addition not onlybut also例证题 example 看不懂没关系,收索例证周围区域,10%向下,90%向上 Eg. It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because onceOne thi
32、ng, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you dont at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increase. Consider Beths story:I did not get what I wanted when I didnt ask fo
33、r it. 58.What can be inferred from Beths story?A. If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for itl,细节题的常考点,特殊标点处 如引号、冒号、破折号原文As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease- especially in terms of changing our many unhea
34、lthy behavior, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise.62. Today medical care is placing more stress on _.A. keeping people in a healthy physical condition B. Monitoring patients body functions C. Removing peoples bad living habits. D. Ensuring peoples psychological well-being.,
35、细节题的常考点,指代关系 关键词如:it, that these those they 例: 原文 By almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet-based instruction. In just a few years, 34 percent of American universities have begun offering some form of distance learning. And among the larger schools ,its closer to 90 percent. If you doubt th
36、e popularity of the trend, you probably havent heard of the University of Phoenix. It grants degrees entirely on the basis of online instruction. It enrolls 90,000students, statistic used to support its claim to be the largest university in the country. 57. What is the most striking feature of the U
37、niversity of Phoenix? A.All its courses are offered online. B. Its online courses are of the best quality. C.It boasts the largest number of students on campus. D. Anyone taking its online courses is sure to get a degree.,事实细节题,转折、对比之后的观点。关键词:but, however, rather, yet, instead 原文 when opinion polls
38、ask Americans about privacy most say they are concerned about losing it But people say one thing and do another, Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy. 65. What do most Americans do with regard to privacy protection? They change behaviors that
39、might disclose their identity. They use various loyalty cards for business transactions. They rely more and more on electronic devices. They talk a lot but hardly do anything about it.,事实细节题,强调处 only 例 原文 But privacy does matterat least sometimes. Its like health; when you have it, you dont notice i
40、t. Only when its gone do you wish youd done more to protect it. 66. According to the passage, privacy is like health in that _. People will make every effort to keep it. Its importance is rarely understood. Its something that can easily be lost. People dont cherish it until they lose it.,事实细节题,比较处 m
41、orethan less.than most 原文:(10.12 )Even if the odds are stacked against you(一切对你不利), marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Q. Linda Waites studies sup
42、port the idea that_.C. marriage can help make up for ill health.,事实细节题,事实细节题关键词: 同义替换 对四级细节题的总结: 1、答案不跨段。 2、90%根据关键词定位。10%利用题目的顺序。 3、考点不重复。,推理判断题,这类题不会直接出现在文中,需根据字里行间的含义通过逻 推理来判断判断方式 判断内容1 上下文的连贯 1 原因结果观点立场2 有关部分暗示 2 数字知道逻辑 标准问题: 1 what conclusion can be drawn for the passage? 2 From the passage we
43、can conclude - 3 We can infer from the passage- 4 The passage seems to indicate that- 5 which of the following is true from the passage-,推理判断题,tips: 1. 1)通过题干返回原文2) 根据选项返回原文(题干中无具体的关键词) 2.一般要围绕文中的一两个重点进行推理,如文章主题,段落主题。根据原文意思进行判断。若有一选项与原文意思一模一样,必定是正确答案。(意思而不是表达方式一模一样。表达方式通常是同义词替换) 3。不要想得太多,推得过远,关键是理解原
44、文。,推理判断题,本质都是细节题 抛开自己主观判断,自己就是一张白纸,任由作者在自己身上开始写。所有一切按文章走。 一个细节题对应一句话。一个推理题对应的可能是一句话,也可能是一个段落,甚至一篇文章。 围绕文章主题或段落主题进行推理。 It can be inferred from the passage that _. What do we learn about Ana Castro from the last paragraph? 62 What do we learn from the first paragraph?,语义理解题,语义理解题就是对生词、句子或短语进行提问,需要考生推断
45、考点的近义含义或引申含义 。 提问方式: 1 “-” is used in the passage to refer to “-” 2 The word “-” most probably means _. 3 according to the author, “-”most probably means _.,语义理解题,Then there is the ostrich approach,” some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know, ” says Dr. Ross Cartmill. 60 W
46、hat does Dr. Ross Cartmill mean by “the ostrich approach” (line q para.9) A. a casual attitude towards ones health conditions B. a new therapy for certain psychological problems C. refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involved D. unwillingness to find out about ones disease because
47、of fear,主旨大意题,主旨大意题主要考查学生对整篇文章的理解能力。 主旨题题干中标志性的关键词 名词main idea purpose title; 形容词、副词 major , mainly, generally 主旨题常见的提问形式 What is the main point of this passage? What is the passage mainly about? What is the authors purpose in writing this passage? What may be the most appropriate title of this pass
48、age?,主旨大意题,找到文章的主题句 (1)文章的首句或首段(短文1、2句后由转折词引出的句子)首段末句 (末句出现转折或总结) (2) 二段开始 (对第一段进行转折或总结) (3)前后呼应句答题方法 1。 主题句 2.各段首句相加 ,共有的词汇为文章的主题词 3.问题相加 4.关注反复重复的词,主旨大意题(解题要点),1.特别关注结论性语言和转折性语言 关键词如 conclusion, therefore, as a result, thus, so, moreover, furthermore, whats more, most important of all, but , howev
49、er, rather , yet等 2.尽量避免过于绝对的选项,如 all, never, only, completely, almost, absolutely, definitely等 3.正确答案应具有一定的概括性和结论性,过于细节的一般不选( 抽象性) 4. 主旨题一般会放在第一个或最后一个考。如果放在第一个,可读完全文再做。 5.主旨大意题最常出现的地方: 开头和结尾 08.6 61 06.1 57,观点态度题,根据、阅读材料,理解作者的意图观点、语气态度是赞同还是反对,是同情表扬还是失望批判。全文情感态度题-作者本人 局部情感态度题-例证人观点态度题基本出现在论说性质的文章中,在字里行间流露出自己的态度,或对某一现象进行肯定否定怀疑等,