1、Unit 2 Understandings of Culture and Communication,Contents of Unit 2,Background information Warm up Text A: The Concept of Culture Cases study Answers to Comprehension questions Translation Reference,Background information,Characteristics of culture,1) Culture is learnedconsciously or unconsciously
2、:(enculturation)*through Proverbs, Folktales, Myths, and legends*through Arte.g. Beijing Opera*through Mass Media,BehaviourTraditions Artefacts buildings, clothes, art etc.,Beliefs Attitudes PerceptionsValues,way of doing things(10%),way of thinking(90%),2) Most part of culture is unconscious,explic
3、it,tacit,Culture as an iceberg,Can you tell which of the following are above the water and which are below?,What people eat What people wear What games children play How to use time How to introduce people How to participate in ceremonies Rules for gestures Rules for facial expressions and eye conta
4、ct Etiquette What is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or bad, etc. Car parking,Oct. 5, 2005 21st Century Changing Tastes “This July China Daily reported severe obesity affects 16 to 20 per cent Chinas young urbanites.” “A major study released by Centre for Public Nutrition and
5、 Development last September found as income increases, energy intake increases. But a high percentage of that extra energy comes from fat. And grains and potatoes were eaten less.”,3) Culture is subject to change,4) Culture is transmitted from generation to generation,5) Culture is based on symbols,
6、6) Culture is integrated,7) Culture is adaptive (acculturation),Characteristics of culture,Learned Unconscious Subject to change Transmitted Symbolic Integrated Adaptive,Warm up,Watch the video clip and have a discussion with your group members focused on the following topics. 1. How do you think of
7、 the importance of good understanding or communication in one family whose members like people in the movie Pushing Hands are from different cultures? 2. As a Chinese, if you go aboard, how do you spread Chinese culture in order to build a harmonious cross-cultural relationship?,Pushing Hands,Text A
8、: The Concept of Culture,I. Objectives of the lesson II. Text Structures III. Explanations,I. Objectives of the lesson,1. to know that people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increas
9、ingly 2. to learn that there is no agreement among anthropologists and scholars regarding the nature of culture 3. to find out what is culture in anthropologists view and what cultures means in nonscientific usage 4. to tell what concept people share on culture 5. to distinguish ones cultural identi
10、ty,II. Text Structures,Part I (para1-2): what is culture in anthropologists view Part II (para 3-5): some definitions of culture which say essentially the same thing and the components of culture are intimately connected. Part III (para 6-7): the symbolic function of culture Part IV (para8-10): some
11、 misunderstandings about culture Part V (para11-12): Further explanations on definitions of culture,III. Explanations,Part I (para1-2): what is culture in anthropologists view 1. Although the term culture is used by most of the social sciences today, over the years it has received its most precise a
12、nd thorough definition from the discipline of anthropology. Anthropology:人类学Anthropology is the scientific study of people, society, and culture. 人类学顾名思义就是研究人类的本质的学科。从生物和文化的角度对人类进行全面研究的学科群，最早见于古希腊哲学家亚里士多德对具有高尚道德品质及行为的人的描述中。在19世纪以前，人类学这个词的用法相当于我们今天所说的体质人类学，尤其是指对人体解剖学和生理学的研究。,III. Explanations,2. In n
13、onscientific usage, the term culture refers to personal refinements (精炼、提炼） such as classical music, the fine arts （美术）, world philosophy, and gourmet cuisine. 3. Monet: Claude Monet (French: klod mn or mne; 14 November 1840 5 December 1926) was a founder of French impressionist painting, and the mo
14、st consistent and prolific practitioner of the movements philosophy of expressing ones perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. The term Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). plein-air : in th
15、e open air,Claude Monet,Impression, Sunrise,4. Toulouse-Lautrec: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (French: 24 November 1864 9 September 1901) was a French painter, printmaker, 起草人 and illustrator whose immersion in the colourful and theatrical life of Paris in the late 1800s yielded a collection of excitin
16、g, elegant and provocative刺激性的 images of the modern and sometimes decadent堕落的，颓废的 life of those times. Toulouse-Lautrec along with Czanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin is among the most well-known painters of the Post-Impressionist period. In a 2005 auction拍卖； 竞卖 at Christies auction house, a new record was
17、 set when La blanchisseuse, an early painting of a young laundress洗衣女工 , sold for $22.4 million U.S.1,The Laundress (1889),Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec,III. Explanations,4. All people have culture, according to the anthropological definition. The Australian aborigines, living with a bare （刚好的） minimum
18、of technology, are as much cultural animals as Yo-Yo Ma and Baryshnikov. Thus, for the anthropologist, projectile points, creation myths （创世神话）, and mud huts （土坯房）are as legitimate（合理的，真正的） items of culture as a Beethoven symphony, a Warhol painting, and a Sondheim musical. projectile points：Of or r
19、elating to a prehistoric human culture widespread throughout North America from about12,000 to 9,000 b.c.,distinguished by sharp,fluted projectile points made of chalcedony or obsidian.克洛维斯的大约公元前12，000至9，000年在北美洲广泛传播的史前人类文化的，或与之相关的，以玉髓或黑曜石制成的锋利且有凹槽的投掷用尖器为特色。,Yo-Yo Ma,马友友，大提琴演奏家，为法国出生的华裔美国人，曾获得多座格莱美奖
20、。1999年2月，美国纽约市将曼哈顿东46街与第五大道交叉口的路牌，曾暂时性地换成“马友友路”（Yo-Yo Ma Way）。马友友为多部电影音乐配乐，其中包括布莱德彼特主演的电影西藏七年，李安导演的卧虎藏龙等。,III. Explanations,Warhol: Andy Warhol August 6, 1928 February 22, 1987) was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement视觉艺术运动 known as pop art. His works explore the r
21、elationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture and advertisement that flourished by the 1960s. After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became a renowned and sometimes controversial artist. The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, holds an
22、 extensive permanent collection of art and archives. It is the largest museum in the United States dedicated to a single artist.,Images of Jesus from The Last Supper cycle (1986). Warhol made almost 100 variations on the theme, which the Guggenheim felt “indicates an almost obsessive investment in t
23、he subject matter.”,Sondheim: Stephen Joshua Sondheim (born March 22, 1930) is a renowned American composer and lyricist known for his immense contributions to musical theatre for over 50 years. He is the winner of an Academy Award奥斯卡奖 , eight Tony Awards (more than any other composer) including the
24、 Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre, eight Grammy Awards, a Pulitzer Prize and the Laurence Olivier Award. Described by Frank Rich of the New York Times as “now the greatest and perhaps best-known artist in the American musical theater”, his most famous works include (as comp
25、oser and lyricist) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Company, Follies, A Little Night Music, Sweeney Todd, Sunday in the Park with George and Into the Woods. He also wrote the lyrics forWest Side Story and Gypsy. Tony Awards: 托尼奖全称为安东尼特佩瑞奖，是由美国戏剧协会为纪念该协会创始人之一的安东尼特佩瑞女士而设立的。托尼奖设立于1947年，被
26、视为美国话剧和音乐剧的最高奖，共设21个奖项，获提名剧目均是在百老汇各剧院演出的剧目。1947年4月6日，第一届托尼奖在纽约市著名的华尔道夫大饭店揭幕，并由佩瑞的好友兼合作伙伴、美国戏剧协会主席布鲁克佩贝顿主持。当时的决策机构6 人委员会聘请了15位专家，通过秘密投票方式选出了获奖人。从那之后，托尼奖与百老汇的艺术声望、美学地位和票房收入等一起，成为全球舞台艺术的焦点。 劳伦斯奥利弗奖 Laurence Olivier Award 劳伦斯奥利弗奖是由伦敦戏剧学会为了表彰杰出的专业戏剧作品颁发的一年一度的奖项。以著名的英国演员劳伦斯奥利弗命名的这个奖，是专门颁发给在伦敦西区及伦敦其他舞台上演出的
27、作品。奥利弗奖被认为是英国戏剧届国际性的最高荣誉，等同于英国影视艺术学院奖，相当于是美国百老汇的托尼奖。,Stephen Joshua Sondheim,斯蒂芬.乔舒亚.桑德海姆(Stephen Joshua Sondheim 1930年3月22日)，美国著名作曲作词家，号称概念音乐剧鼻祖。曾获得奥斯卡奖1次、托尼奖8次、 格莱美奖多次、普利策奖1次。他知名的作品有:春光满古城理发师陶德和拜访森林等。他曾在1973年到1981年期间担任美国剧作家协会主席。,III. Explanations,Part II (para 3-5): some definitions of culture whi
28、ch say essentially the same thing and the components of culture are intimately connected. 1. In fact, in the often-cited work by Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn, more than 160 different definitions of culture were identified. This should not lead to the conclusion that anthropology is a chaotic （
29、一片混乱的） battleground where no consensus （一致）exists among practicing （在工作的） anthropologists. 2. Some definitions: : According to Tylor, culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of societ
30、y”. : More recently, culture has been defined as “a mental map which guides us in our relations to our surroundings and to other people” : perhaps most succinctly (简明地，简洁地) as “the way of life of a people”. : we will define the concept of culture as “everything that people have, think, and do as mem
31、bers of a society.”,III. Explanations,3. Although we classify these components of culture, we should not conclude that they are unrelated. In fact, the components are so intimately connected that it is frequently hard to separate them in real life. 4. the cultural process of writing involves an inti
32、mate knowledge of the three fundamental components of culture: things or artifacts, ideas and knowledge, and patterns of behavior.,III. Explanations,Part III (para 6-7): the symbolic function of culture 1. Perhaps the most fundamental aspect of culture, and what makes humans unique in the animal wor
33、ld, is the capacity to symbolize. 2. When North Americans see a Nazi swastika, a multitude of images come to mind. These include the Holocaust (大屠杀) , Adolf Hitler, concentration camps, and goose-stepping, storm troopers. Holocaust Adolf Hitler concentration camps,goose-stepping,正步走是军队或其他组织的队列行进的一种步
34、伐，在英语里叫做goose_ stepping 是鹅步的意思。其特点是像鹅那样高抬腿向前迈步。这个英文名词最早见于1806年。然而，鹅步并不是正步走的原名。原来，正步走原名来自德文的“阅兵步法”（Paradeschritt）。它起源于中世纪欧洲的一种民间舞蹈，特点是大腿僵直向前踢出90度（当今的爱尔兰踢腿舞蹈仍然可以看到其痕迹）。十七世纪起，流行于普鲁士。十八世纪中，由弗里德里希大帝率先在普鲁士军队阅兵式中采用这种民间舞蹈中的行进步法，正式称为正步走。此后，在普鲁士（后来是德国）军事教官的传播下，正步走逐渐传到其他国家，包括智利、阿根廷等南美国家。1920年代，希特勒在纳粹党冲锋队率先推行普鲁
35、士军的正步走。 1933年希特勒在德国上台之后，把正步走推广成为纳粹党卫队和国防军的正式步法。1937年，墨索里尼在访问柏林期间，对纳粹德国的正步走十分崇拜，回国后就决定，作为意大利向德国靠拢的一个步骤，正式在意军和意大利法西斯党中实行正步走。千百人的方队正步走由于整齐划一动作刚劲有力，气势磅礴，因而具有强烈的震撼和炫耀效果。1950年中国人民解放军第一次采用正步走方式通过天安门广场。,III. Explanations,3. most citizens of the United States have a generally positive feeling when they see t
36、he red, white, and blue stars and stripes. That particular arrangement of colors and, shapes symbolizes, among other things, democracy, the Bill of Rights, and due process. the red, white, and blue stars and stripes Bill of Rights权利法案，又译人权法案（英文：United States Bill of Rights）指的是美国宪法中第一至第十条宪法修正案。 权利法案的
37、10条修正案包括： 第一条：言论、宗教、和平集会自由； 第二条：持有与佩戴武器的权利； 第三条：免于民房被军队征用； 第四条：免于不合理的搜查与扣押； 第五条：正当程序（Due Process）、一罪不能两判、禁止逼供、禁止剥夺私人财产； 第六条：未经陪审团不可定罪以及被控告方的其他权利； 第七条：民事案件中要求陪审团的权利； 第八条：禁止过度罚金与酷刑； 第九条：未被列入的其他权利同样可以受到保护； 第十条：人民保留未经立法的权利；,III. Explanations,4. Yet, as we have seen in recent years, the American flag rep
38、resents a host of very different meanings. For angry young men who delight (以为乐） in burning it in the streets of Tehran, Djakarta, and Karachi. 5. Whether the U.S. flag symbolizes positive or negative images, it is true that all human behavior begins with the use of symbols. 上网搜视频：“恶搞”美国国旗表不满 伊朗民众团结
39、http:/ 09 2012, 19:30 印尼抗议者在美大使馆前撕毁美国国旗 周三，在美国驻印度首都雅加达使馆前有人集会，举行抗议美国电影穆斯林的无知的活动。据当地媒体报道，数百人出席参加了抗议活动。他们撕毁了美国国旗，并向使馆大楼建筑物投掷鸡蛋，人群中还有人要求驱逐美国外交官。在美国拍摄的电影穆斯林的无知预告片被上传至视频网站后，美国驻一些穆斯林国家的大使馆遭到袭击，并引发大规模抗议活动。,数千巴基斯坦民众举行反美示威 焚烧美国旗(图) 2012.9.17,中新网9月17日电 据外媒报道，因抗议一部诋毁伊斯兰教先知穆罕默德的美国电影，数千名巴基斯坦民众16日举行反美示威。示威者们焚烧美国国
40、旗，并要求巴基斯坦与美国断绝关系。在巴基斯坦港口城市卡拉奇，示威者在冲击美国领事馆时与警方发生冲突，示威者们高喊“打倒美国”、“拼命保护先知”等口号，一度冲破警戒线，向领事馆建筑投掷石头；警方则朝天鸣枪示警，并用催泪弹和水枪驱散人群，导致至少8人受伤。在巴基斯坦东部城市拉合尔，超过6000人聚集谴责这部美国电影，要求驱逐美国驻巴外交官。当天，还有超过1000人在南部城市奎达举行反美示威，超过600名商人在木尔坦游行，焚烧电影制作者的假人。 据悉，日前上映的美国电影穆斯林的无知被指诋毁伊斯兰教与先知穆罕默德。利比亚、埃及、也门、阿富汗、突尼斯、黎巴嫩、约旦与苏丹等多个国家纷纷爆发大规模示威浪潮。
41、同时，美国驻利比亚大使及3名外交官在这种反美示威中身亡。,III. Explanations,6. para. 7: the role of symbols As Leslie White stated so eloquently, the ability to symbolize is the single most important hallmark （特点）of humanity (人类、人性). 7. It is the shared meaning of our symbols that enables us to interact with one another with th
42、e least amount of ambiguity and misunderstanding.,III. Explanations,Part IV (para8-10): some misunderstandings about culture 1. In everyday terminology, the term race often is used as a synonym for culture. (para8) Anthropologists consider these to be two very different concepts. A race refers to an
43、 interbreeding population whose members share a number of important physical traits with one another, such as blood types, eye color and shape, skin color, and hair texture, to mention just a few. By way of contrast, culture refers to our non-biological and non-genetic characteristics. 2. Another po
44、pular misunderstanding involves the confusion between culture and civilization. (para9) Again, like the concept of race, the concepts of civilization and culture are not interchangeable. While all civilizations are cultures, not all cultures are civilizations.,III. Explanations,Part V (para11-12): F
45、urther explanations on definitions of culture 1. The last phrase in our working definition as members of a society should remind us that culture is a shared phenomenon. For a thing, idea, or behavior pattern to qualify as being cultural, it must have a meaning shared by most people in a society. It
46、is this shared nature of culture that makes our lives less complicated. Because people share a common culture, they are able to predict, within limits, how others will think and behave. 2. In fact, the uncertainty one experiences when trying to operate in an unfamiliar culture often leads to culture
47、 shock, a form of psychological distress that can result in depression, overeating, or irritability. culture shock: C, U a feeling of confusion and anxiety that sb may feel when they live in or visit another country 文化冲击，文化休克（指在异国生活或访问时的一种困惑不安的感觉）,III. Explanations,3. Culture is not transmitted gene
48、tically. Rather, it is acquired through the process of learning or interacting with ones cultural environment. This process of acquiring culture after we are born is called enculturation (文化侵润). We acquire our culture (ideas, values and behavior patterns) by growing up in it. 4. When an infant is bo
49、rn, he or she enters a cultural environment in which many solutions already exist to the universal problems facing all human populations. The child merely needs to learn or internalize those solutions in order to make a reasonable adjustment to his or her surroundings.,Cases study,Case 1,There is a
50、big difference between Chinese and American concerning who is the decision-maker of the work. The Chinese usually work to complete the task according to what their boss or supervisor requires, while Americans, on the contrary, finish their jobs according to what they suppose is right. In this case,
51、Li Hua completed his report within 16 days, faster compared with the actually 20 days, but later than it was agreed on. So the American supervisor got angry, which caused Li Huas resignation. If I were Li Hua, I would tell the American supervisor the fact that I really had made great efforts to finish the report in 16 days though later than 15 days but faster than 20 days that is said earlier. Then, if the supervisor still felt angry and were not flexible, I would resign just as Li Hua had done.,
