1、必考点,第二部分 词法、句法、语法,主讲教师: 孙佰华,第二讲 代词及 it 的用法,代词的考点 1. 不定代词:(1)all, any, none, both, either, neither; (2)another, other, the other, others, the others; (3)复合不定代词:someone, anyone, everyone, no one; something, anything, everything, nothing. 2. it的用法: (1)it作实意代词,代替日期、时间、季节、距离;代替身份不明的人,心目中的人和事以及代替上文已提到的或下文
2、将要提到的人、物或某种情况;代替指示代词this, that。 (2)it作引导词:作形式主语和形式宾语,代替不定式、动名词和从句;it用于强调句型。 3. 替代词one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those的用法。 4. 人称代词在使用中要注意主格和宾格的区别,反身代词则要注意和主语一致。,考点分析,代词的种类代词是代替名词的词, 按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。 1.人称代词 1)人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。,2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语,宾格
3、作 宾语。如: I like table tennis. (作主语)Do you know him?(作宾语) 3)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如:-Who is knocking at the door?-Its me. 4)人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时,用主格和宾格都可以。如:He is older than me.He is older than I am.,2. 物主代词 1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,如下表所示。,2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,在句中可作定语。例如: Our teacher is co
4、ming to see us. This is her pencil-box. 3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词,在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语) - Is this English-book yours? (作表语)- No. Mine is in my bag.(主语) Ive already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? (作宾语),3. 指示代词 指示代词包括:this,that,these,those。 1) this和these
5、一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人,that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人,例如: This is a pen and that is a pencil We are busy these days In those days the workers had a hard time. 2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物,this 和these则是指下面将要讲到的事物,例如: I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come. What I want to say is this : pronunciation is very importan
6、t in learning English 3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词,常用that或those代替,例如: Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai 4)this 在电话用语中代表自己,that 则代表对方。例如:Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?,4. 反身代词 英语中用来表示“我自己“,“你自己“,“他自己“,“我们自己“,“你们自己“等意义的代词称为反身代词,也有人称之为自身代词,其形式如表所示。,数,人称,反身代词可以在句
7、中作宾语,表语,同位语。1)作宾语,表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者,主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。 He called himself a writer 2)作表语。 It doesnt matter. Ill be myself soon3)作主语或宾语的同位语,表示亲自或本人。 I myself washed the clothes4)反身代词常用于习惯用语中enjoy oneself 过得快乐make oneself at home 随意,随便 ;就当在家一样make oneself understoodheard使自己被听懂/被听见 for oneself 为自己 by onesel
8、f 独自地,,5不定代词 (1)some与any some一般用于肯定句中,但在表示请求并希望对方能给予肯定回答时,可用于疑问句中;any一般用于否定和疑问句中,但当any强调“任何”时,也可用于肯定句中。 同理,something,somebody,someone的用法同some;anything,anybody,anyone的用法同any。 用法: some用于肯定句中,用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。I have some friends.Smith went to some place in England. (定语) 在期待对方回答yes 时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 W
9、ould you like some bananas?(邀请)Mum, could you give me some money?(请求) any用于疑问句和否定句 。Is there any student in the classroom?No ,there isnt any student. any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。Any day is okay for me.,(2)one,both,all,one 指人或物,“一个”,其复数为ones, This is not the one I want.(表语) both指人或指物,“两者都” This maths problem c
10、an be worked out in both ways.(定语) 注意:both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时, 用neither。 Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。 Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。 both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的 前面。也可以在both后加of。 如:Both (of) my parents like this film.,All “全部的”、“整个的”,可与可数或不可数名词连用,表示“所有的”、“全部的”,指三个或三个以上的人或物
11、。 He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。 注意:all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none。如: Not all the ants go out for food.All the ants dont go out for food.并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。 None of the money is mine. 这钱一分也不是我的。,(3)many和much,另:a lot of(不能用于否定句) (4)few, little和 a few, a little,few和
12、little表示没有多少,含否定意义;而a few 和a little表 示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义。另外,few、a few 修饰 可数名词;little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用 作定语、主语和宾语。,(5)each和every,each(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中 作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。 every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句 中只作定语。 Every student in our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调“所有的人”) Each student in our class has
13、 a dictionary.(定语,强调各个个体) Each of them has been there.(主语) The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语) We each got a ticket.(同位语),(6)either和neither,either是“两者中任何一个”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名 词,neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数 可数名词,它们可在句中作主语、宾语或定语。如: Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾
14、语) Neither boy knows French.(定语),(7)other, others ,the other, the others 和 another,the other表示“两者中的另一个”;other 意思是“其他的”,不能 单独使用,后面必须接名词, 表泛指;others可指其他的人或东 西,相当于other+名词复数;the others特指其他某些人或物, 相当于the other +名词复数。another修饰或代替单数可数名词, 指“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”,不能指两者中的另一个, 在句中可作宾语和定语。 He got two books; one is tex
15、tbook, the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red, the others (the other pens) are yellow. Some students are singing, others (other students) are dancing. Please give me another book.,6相互代词:each other用于两者或两者以上;one another用于三者或三者以上,在现代英语中它们可通用。 7疑问代词:what指事或物,不强调范围;who(whom,whose)指人;which既可指人也
16、可指物,但强调范围。 8关系代词:what,who,whom,whose,which,that,as, 9none,no one,nothing的区别 none既可指人,也可指物,侧重数量,通常指三者或三者以上的人或物,后可接of短语,作主语时谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数,常用来回答由how many/much引导的疑问句;no one只能指人,是泛指概念,常用来回答由who引导疑问句,不与of短语连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数;nothing常用来回答由what引导的疑问句。,典例1 There is_in his words.We should have a try.Asomething
17、BanythingCnothing Deverything 解析 句意:他话里有话。我们应该试试。something“某物,某事”,符合句意。anything“任何(事物)”;nothing“没有任何(事物)”;everything“一切(事物)”,三者均不符合句意。 答案 A 典例2 Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting, addressed to and then posted it at the nearby post officeAit; her Bit; herself Cherself; her Dher
18、self; herself 【解析】考查代词。第一空不定代词it指代前面的postcard;第二空to后的宾语应为反身代词herself. 【答案】B,It的用法,1. 作人称代词1)it代替前面(或后面)的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。You cannot eat your cake but have it.(it代替前面的cake)Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. (it代替后面的air)They say he has left town, but I dont believe it. (it代替前面Theytow
19、n分句中的情况)2)代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西(包括婴儿)。Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high. (it代替前面的tree)The baby cried because it was hungry. (it代替前面的baby),3)在某些习惯说法中,可以代替人。e.g. - Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. - Who is it? - Its me.- Who are singing? - It is the children.- The light
20、is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.4)it与one的区别:这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词,但it用于同名同物的场合;one则用于同名异物的场合。e.g. - Do you still have the bicycle? - No, I have sold it.- Is this knife yours? - No. It is Xiao Zhangs. Mine is the one on the desk.5)it与that的区别:两词都可代替某一特定名词,但th
21、at指同一类,并非同一个。e.g. The climate of South China is mild(温和的); I like it very much.(it指the climate of South China)The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.(that指the climate),2. 作无人称代词it作无人称代词时,除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外,另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).It is noon
22、.It is half an hours walk to the factory.It is eighteen square metres in area.What does it matter?3. 作强调词,构成强调结构用以帮助改变句子结构,使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is (was) + 所强调的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。”在这个句型中,it本身没有词义。注意: 在强调结构中,如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语,其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where,而应用that 。在复习中,一定要注意句式的不同。,It was in Shanghai that I bo
23、ught the guitar(that引起强调句) It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar(where引起定语从句) It was twelve oclock when we arrived there(when引起时间状语 从句) It was at twelve oclock that we arrived there.(that 引起强调句) 4. 引导词it作形式主语(宾语)为了使句子平衡,常采用形式主语(或宾语)it ,而把真正的主语(或宾语)置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。e.g. It takes h
24、alf an hour to go there on foot.(It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词) We thought it strange that Mr. Smith did not come last night. (it与that从句中间夹有 strange),但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.(因为介 词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意:it不是多余 的,不能当作错句) 典例3 _worri
25、es me that he keeps changing his mind.AThis BThat CWhat DIt 解析 句意:他不断改变主意使我担心。it作形式主语,后面 的that从句是真正的主语。 答案 D 典例4 He didnt make _clear when and where the meeting would be held.Athis Bthat Cit Dthese 解析 it作形式宾语,后面when and where引导的从句才是真 正的宾语。 答案 C,5用于以下句型:1)强调句型:It is/was被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语、状语)that(who)句子的其
26、余成分。强调句型只是把句子中某些词(被强调部分)的位置改变,如果把强调结构(it is / was . that / who)去掉之后,句子还应是完整的。 典例5 I dont mind her criticizing me,but_is how she does it that I object to.Ait Bthat Cthis Dwhich 解析 从句子结构分析,此处考查的是强调句型,因此用it。 答案 A,2)It is一段时间since从句(一般过去式) 3)It was/will be一段时间before从句 典例6 He was told that it would be at
27、 least three more months _he could recover and return to work.Awhen BbeforeCsince Dthat 解析 此处表示“多长时间以后才会”,用“it will be一段时间before从句”。 答案 B,真题剖析,1. Theres _ cooking oil left in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get _?A. little; some B. little; any C. a little; some D. a little; any 【考点定位
28、】考查some, any的用法辨析。 【解析】因为在Would you? 等表示请求、劝请或建议之类的问句中,一般用some;又由后文“买些油”可知,家里“没有油”了,所以用little。句意是:家里没有油了,请你到附近的店里买些回来好吗?答案是A。,2. You may drop in or just give me a call. _ will doA. Either B. Each C. Neither D. All 【考点定位】表示两者和多者的不定代词的比较 【解析】由前句可知是指两者中的“任何一个”,用either。答案是A。 3. Who called me this mornin
29、g when I was out?A man calling _ Robert. A. him B. himself C. his D.不填 【考点定位】考查反身代词。 【解析】考查反身代词。因为“call sb./oneself+某名”就是“叫某人/自称某名字”;句意是“一个自称罗伯特的人”,用himself。答案是B。,4. Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are _. A. him and her B. his and hers C. his and her D. him and hers 【考点定位】名词性和形容词性物主代词的用法 【解析】在句中作表语,指“他的邮票和她的邮票”用his and her (=his stamps and her stamps)。答案是B。 5. My grandma still treats me like a child. She cant imagine _ grown up. A. my B. mine C. myself D. me 【考点定位】人称代词主格与宾格的用法。 【解析】由语境可知“她没想到我已成年了”,应当用宾格me作imagine的宾语;短语形容词grown up(成熟的,成年的)作宾补。答案是D。,谢谢,