1、Error Correction,改错突破,Checklist,缺词/多词 名词：数；可数性 形容/副词：形式/级 近义 搭配 时态/语态 动词 虚拟语气 非谓语动词 As/like结构,11. 定语从句的关系词 12. 前后照应 主谓一致 时态一致 c. 指代一致 d. 修辞一致 13. 逻辑关系：连词/连接性副词反义词其它,1 缺词/多词,缺漏及赘述错误主要表现为漏掉介词、代词、关系词、冠词、连词等或重复意义相同或相近的词语以及出现两个主语等。,单数可数名词一般前应有冠词，但有些固定搭配中不用冠词Dishwashers and washing machines do jobs that w
2、ere once done by the hand. by (the) hand by hand,1 缺词/多词,不及物动词作谓语的关系代词前的介词 I suddenly realized that my own parents are the ones whom I can rely. (on) whom不及物动词后接宾语应添加介词 But perhaps we should look at both sides of the coin before arriving hasty conclusions. This leads changes in the way of life. arri
3、ving (at) / leads (to),固定搭配中是否缺介词，注意隔离修饰 In every home a stereo or television will fill the rooms sound. fill the rooms (with) sound 短语中是否漏词句子结构是否完整 In the nineteenth century, farm work and life were not much changed from that they had been in the old days. Thatwhat （原从句缺少宾语） 定语从句中是否多了主语和宾语,More exa
4、mples,We have to make clear to each worker that everybody must observe these rulesmake make it 宾语为动词不定式或从句时，必须在动词与宾语补足语之间加上形式宾语it。 Though we have known great deal about space，we still have a lot to learn. great deal a great deal (修饰不可数名词),The songs sounded via radios in restaurants，from cars passing
5、 on the highways and shoeshine(擦皮鞋) parlors and (in) shoeshine parlors此处应是与前面词组in restaurants和from cars并列的介词短语,Both natural and synthetic man-made rubber are of little value in their raw state 去掉synthetic或man-madeMonsoon winds（季风），sometimes masked by other features of the general atmospheric circula
6、tion，they are associated with nearly all large continental land masses 去掉they 同Monsoon winds重复,2 名词,名词的限定,The day before the speech contest English teacher my可数名词前通常要加修饰语。此句虽然有English，但指代不明。根据上下文，加上my比较贴切。,名词可数与不可数的误用,Too much tests are disadvantage for students study. （误） In modern society, people
7、are under various pressures（误）,名词的单复数,1)and asked me lots of question. Questions “question”为可数名词，在lots of后面，应加-s。2)We study quite a few subject，such as maths, subjects A few后面应跟可数名词的复数形式。,3)and often watch football match on TV matches 经常观看足球赛， Match时可数名词，应用复数形式。4)She said that she and my schoolmate
8、all wished me success， schoolmates 此处为复数概念，应加上-s。,3 形容/副词与比较,形容词用来修饰名词或作表语；副词修饰形容副词或动词：经常有误用 It is essential that people be psychological able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy. Psychological psychologically 修饰形容词 Man has used metals for cent
9、uries in gradual increasing quantities. Gradual gradually修饰动词（现在分词形式）,2. 系动词和感官动词后接形容词。系动词包括be, appear, seem, become, turn, go, come, grow, keep,感官动词包括feel, smell, taste, sound, look等。其中有些系动词又可以做实义动词：become成为, appear出现, turn转动, go去, come来, grow种植/成长, keep保留 I frequently feel weakly and dissatisfied
10、with myself All the dishes taste most deliciously. Weakly weak Deliciously delicious,3. -ly结尾的词不一定都是副词，如friendly, woolly长绒毛的, costly昂贵的, lonely, elderly, olderly, fatherly, brotherly, deadly等，注意区分。4. 以a-开头的形容词一般只作表语：afraid, alike, akin, alive, alone, asleep, awake, ashamed, afloat, alight发亮/燃着的 等。如果
11、用作了定语，则需更换成相应形式。,5. 有些副词有两种形式，但意义不同，需加以区分 High高 highly：高度地 Deep深 deeply：深深地 Wide宽/大 widely：广泛/大大地 Hard努力 hardly：几乎不 Near近 nearly：几乎/将近 close近 closely：细心/严密/密切 Late迟 lately：最近 Most最 mostly：主要/通常 Just 刚/仅/正好 justly 公平/正当/精确地 Pretty相当/非常 prettily漂亮地/令人愉悦地,Right就/正是/顺利 rightly正确/当/公正地 Slow缓慢(go/run/spea
12、k/read) slowly慢慢/渐渐地 Loud/loudly大声地 （louder/loudest） Fair公平/公正/正好 fairly 相当/适度/公正 Easy不着急/慢慢/容易 easily轻易/容易/很可能 Dead突然/完全/直接 deadly极为/死一般地 Clean完全/一直 cleanly干净利落地 Clear清楚/完全/远离 clearly 清楚/显然/明亮,He got up, walked across the room, and with a sharp quick movement flung the door widelyopen. Widelyopen w
13、ideopen,6. 比较结构中，一般用than来连接，但有些词用to如：superior/inferior/senior/junior.或者asas Their fields yield twice as much corn this year than they did last year after adopting the advanced technology. Than as,7. 有些词本身就是最高级不可在添加more/mostexcellent; perfect; complete；entire(ly); extreme; unique; round; dead; alive;
14、 ultimate; utter; square等。They may learn that questions which seemed most entirely objective then appear to be highly biased to someone else. Most entirely entirely,8. 混淆比较的两部分。如： The climate in the coastal cities is much warmer than in the interior cities（在than与 in之间应加指示代词that句中用于比较的两个部分是气 候而不是地区。）
15、,4 近义词,某些近义词表面意思讲得通，但不贴切或不准确，需要进行替换。 Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter. High highly 极为/高度 Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars, buses Voice noise,5 搭配,主要涉及形容
16、词、名词、动词等与介词的搭配；动词、形容词与名词的搭配以及比较结构等固定搭配。 On some fields, this has clearly not happened. On some fields in We asked a lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the way they occupied the space around them On the way by/from the way This has probably been the case in qu
17、ite a while. Infor,Such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients. Dependent in dependent on If he was absent because of sickness, there was often no job from him when he returned. From him for himWe have little time to read some books which we interest. are
18、 interested in.,6 时态和语态,根据时间状语（包括副词（词组）和从句）或逻辑对句子的时态作出正确判断。 Where tuberculosis（肺结核）vanished, it came back. Vanished had vanished By the time the sun sets this evening, I will have finished the book I am writing for the last six years. am writing have been writing I was walking along the road, and th
19、ere are not so many cars on the street. There are there were,熟记事态的特殊规律 陈述真理或常识性事件时，用一般现在时 时间、条件从句中不能用将来时,静态动词不能用进行时态： a. be动词和have(有) b. apply to; belong to; differ from; cost; weigh; measure; fit; hold(容纳); lack; resemble等 c. 表示感觉的动词feel; hear; see, smell; taste d. 心理或情感动词assume; believe; consider;
20、 detest(憎恶);feat; hate; hope; wish; like; love; regret; know; suppose; understand; want; remember; imagine; notice,6 时态/语态,要根据句意确定使用主动还是被动 被动语态不仅出现在谓语的位置上，还出现在非谓语动词结构中，还有不同的时体变化。 Whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy for the people to have affe
21、cted. To have affected to have been affected The old Jewish custom of bathing the feet of all strangers that came within their gates is still be practicing in parts of Palestine. Is still be practicing is still being practiced,只有及物动词或词组才用被动形式；但并非所有及物动词都可用于被动结构：如have; let; become; get; fit; suit; lac
22、k; resemble 小心被动结构不规则动词的过去分词形式 Throughout history, shoes have been wore not only for protection but also for decoration. Have been wore have been worn,7 动词,除了要时态/语态，还要注意是否及物动词 The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways. （误） The traffic accident took place at the junction of
23、 two highways. （正） Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. （误） Because of his excellent performance, the boss raised his salary. （正）,介词to和不定式符号的混淆,Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking. （误） Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our inde
24、pendent thinking. （正） All these contributed to solve the serious problem. （误） All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem. （正）,情态动词的误用,It may not good to our health. （误） It may be not good to our health. （正） They should spent much time. （误） They should spend much time. （正）,8 非谓语动词,A
25、现在分词形式与过去分词形式混淆。如： The victory was no more convinced than I had expected Convinced convincing 令人信服的，表示主语特征The teacher went into the classroom, following by some students Following followed,分词和不定式的不同含义： 现在分词：主动或进行（或完成）； 过去分词：被动或完成； 不定式：将要发生或目的 Succeeding in passing the examination, she is extremely h
26、appy. 因为（已发生） To succeed in passing the examination, she needs to work much harder.为了（目的）,The small college generally provides a limited number of courses and specializations but offers a better student-faculty ratio, thus permit individualized attention to students. permitting小院校提供的课程专业较少，但师生比例较高，因
27、此能够特殊的个体指导和关注。 Becoming a skilled photographer, a person should have both manual dexterity（灵巧，灵敏）a good eye for detail. Becoming To become,Practice,Even the quiet of our carefully protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passed jet. So a sportsmans individual way of walking with
28、raised shoulders is often imitated by an admired fan.Passed passing Admired admiring 追星族常常模仿运动员抬高肩膀大摇大摆走路的方式。 Admire和pass都是由中心语发出，主谓关系,The boy s delighting look tells us that he passed the exam Delighting delighted 高兴的、兴奋的，表示主语状态 You can pass any factory or construction area and the roar of their ma
29、chinery will make your ears ringing. Tom had his arm breaking yesterday.,B不定式与动名词相互混淆。如： To lie is vice To lie Lying 此处指抽象的概念性动作Lying about it will only make matters worse LyingTo lie 此处指具体的一次性动作,C非谓语动作发生时间与谓语动作发生时间的方面出现错误。I remember locking the door when I left home this morning Locking having lock
30、ed 非谓语动作发生时间早于主语动作发生时间。,D特殊非谓语动词结构方面出现错误。You have to practice to speak English as much as possible now since you are going to England next year to speakspeaking practise后的宾语要用-ing形式。）,非谓语动词不单独作谓语。 At the beginning of 19th century working hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful, (and) workin
31、g conditions being poor and dangerous. were,如果非并列句中有两个以上谓语动词，是错误的，这时只能保留一个，其它的改为非谓语动词形式：Consider the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources (that are poured into the space exploration efforts).,作宾语时，要注意用动词不定
32、式还是动名词。有时两者皆可，但意义不同，如forget, remember, try, regret, stop, continued等作宾补时，要注意不同形式的意义差别，以及和谓语动词的搭配。 Mary was heard singing in the next room then. I saw David Beck play football on TV last night.,分词（包括带连词的分词）短语作状语时，逻辑主语须与主句主语一致。 Sports activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. View
33、ing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised hunting pack. Viewed,9 虚拟语气,虚拟语气分为两种：be型和were型。 Be型(should)+ do(动词原形）：用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语（见下页）之后的that-分句中。 What do you think of the doctors recommendation that our friends stayed a few more days in hospital? stay/should stay,
34、用于if, though, whatever, lest, so long as引导的分句中，表示推测、让步、防备 If the rumor be true, everything is possible. Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty. Though everyone desert you, I will not. Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away. If it would rain tomorrow, we would h
35、ave to put off the exhibition. should rain 表示推测,Be-型虚拟语气标志词,v. Demand, command, suggest, require, ask, order, insist, advise, move, direct, recommend, propose, see (to it) that等 n. demand, request, suggestion, recommendation, advice, proposal, insistence等 a. important, fundamental, preferable, neces
36、sary, basic, vital, imperative, essential, requested, suggested, demanded等,有些词有多个意义，当不表示建议、命令时，就不能用虚拟语气，如： Some evidence suggests that REM sleep be a time when the brain adapts to life experience. Be is （一些证据表明，REM sleep可能是大脑适应生活经验的时间。）,Were-型,Were型were/过去时体：常用于由if, if only, as if, as though, though
37、引导的条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示非真实条件或假设。 要特别注虚拟语气的谓语动词形式是否正确。条件句虚拟语气的结构如下所示：,主句或从句的动词形式未用虚拟语气形式。If we had more rain last summer，we would have a harvest had had/would have had 此句应用与过去事实相反的虚拟语气形式,条件句中还有一种特殊的混合虚拟语气。这种情况的谓语动词形式要根据具体时间来确定。 If writing had never been invented(过去), we would have no books(现在). If he had
38、 failed his exam last year, he would have been taking it again in June. would be taking I would have gone to visit that beautiful city but I hadnt got in touch with you while I was in New York. didnt get If you had been older，I would have al- lowed you to go that day had been were 条件句可指目前情况下的假设,Were
39、-虚拟语气还可用其他形式表示,如without, but for, otherwise, or等。Without/but for your help, I would never make such great success. would never have made Thanks to the man timely saving, or the little boy would be drowned in the river. would have been drowned,Were-型虚拟语气也用在表示臆想愿望的分句中，常由Wish, suppose, imagine, would r
40、ather, would sooner that, would just as soon (that) 等引导，如： I wish it were spring all the year round. Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking.,特殊虚拟语气,在it is (high) time (that)从句中，也用were-型虚拟语气，如： It is high time that measures should be taken to decrease the birth rate in this country. were taken
41、/had been taken,As的用法,like: 象一样；（unlike） as: 介词（作为）副词（如此）关系代词连词（因为；随着；虽然；正如） as有很多固定搭配，用法极为复杂，见下页,As 固定搭配,As if/though好像 As/so long as只要 Such as诸如；之类的 As apposed to 与相反 As for/to至于；关于 So as (not) to以便/以免；以致 Not so much as连都不；与其不如 as above如上；同上 As against与相比 As of/from自从,As much as多达；到程度 As well (as)
42、也/又 As well as not反正都行/一样 As it is/as they are事实上；实际上 As it were仿佛，好像，可以说 as yet 到现在/那时为止 As as any不亚于 As as ever永远；至今；自古；空前 As as can be极其；到了的程度 He is as brilliant a politician as ever lived. 他是至今最卓越的政治家。,As Vs.which,在限定性定语从句中，As 常和先行词前的such, so, as, the same搭配；which则无此限制。 引导非限定定语从句时 先行词是整个句子，as常在句
43、首或句中，而which常在句末。 As引导的定语从句与主句应是顺接关系；which无此限制。 As在定语从句中常作宾语，which常作主语。As作主语时，仅限于“主-动-补”结构和被动句型，如： As is often the case; as is known to all as has been pointed out; as may be imagined; etc,Practice,The farmer had much work to do, with his own muscles like his chief source of power. He used axes, spad
44、es and other simple tools. 91/06 Cities and states have to provide services city people want, such like more police protection, more hospitals and more schools.90/01 Like as Like as/being,A break in their employment, or a decision to work part time, will slow their raises and promotions-because it w
45、ould for men. 96/01 Can we be too bold as to suggest that we maybe able to colonize other planets within the not-too-distant future? 00/01 Because as 这一点对男士也一样 So bold so bold我们可否大胆地推测在不远的将来我们就可以在其他星球上开垦殖民主义地?,定语从句的关系词,定语从句关系词是一个常见考点,关系词That和which/who的区别,用that的情况 不定代词something, anybody, nothing, non
46、e, little, few, much, all作先行词时； She is everything that a wife should be. 最高级、序数词、不定限定词（all, some, none, few等）或any, only, first, last等修饰先行词时； 先行项不止一个，且分别表示人和物时； 当关系词在定语从句中充当补语时； 当定语从句是there be句型时；,用which（物）或who（人）的情况 介词提前，作介词宾语时； 非限定定语从句； 先行项是that时； 当先行项与定语从句被其他成分隔开时,先行项为时间或地点时,当先行项为时间/地点时，如关系词在从句中作主
47、语或宾语，应用which或that，而不用when/who(m) I live in Beijing，where is the capital of China. which 此处where应改为which，因为它在定语从句中作主语。,缺少关系词或多余代词,有些句子中，名词后面本来该用定语从句的，却漏掉了关系词，直接接了动词。 另一类常见的错误是，关系代词指代的成分在从句中以代词的形式重复出现，画蛇添足。,定语从句和名词性从句的区别,与同位语从句的区别 同位语从句表明中心语的具体内容；定语从句对其先行项加以限制、描绘或说明； 同位语从句的引导词that在从句中不充当成分；定语从句的关系词tha
48、t在从句中担任成分，如： Most of the pupils can not answer the question why sea water is salty. Most of the pupils could not answer the question that the chemistry teacher asked().,与主语/宾语/表语从句的区别 主语/宾语/表语从句充当主句的主语/宾语/表语，前面没有作先行项的名词或代词；而定语从句一般作定语，限定或描述先行项；引导词that在名词性从句中不作成分；what充当名词性从句的主语/宾语/表语，相当于the person tha
49、t/who; all that,使用时容易和定语从句的that混淆。诀窍在于，看前边有没有没有先行项，有用that/who/which，没有用what。 All (that) I have with me now is 10 dollars.,( )What I have been thinking about all the time is the question that the physics teacher put forward in class.In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes that he considers( )the spiritual barrenness of society (brought about by science and technology). John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。 that what,
