1、美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生 presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹
2、的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries) ，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Fo
3、otnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或 Proposal 为论文、报告写作前的必要
4、准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction ：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Tech
5、nical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。(五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如 PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如 SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel 便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法
6、上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。IBM 代表性考题 1. Describe your greatest achievement in the past 4-5years？ 2.What are your short why you have selected Hong
7、kong Bank and what your careertivesare. P&G 代表性考题 1. Describe an instance where you set your sights on ahighdemanding goal and saw it through completion？ 2. Summarizeasituation where you took the initiative to get others going onan important task or issue, and played a leading role to achievet here
8、sults you wanted. 3. Describe a situation where you had toseekout relevant information, define key issues, and decide onwhichsteps to take to get the desired results. 4. Describe aninstance where you made effective use of facts to secure the agreement of others. 5. Give an example of how you worked
9、effectivelywith peopleto accomplish an important result. 6. Describe acreative/innovativeidea that you produced which led to asignificant contribution to the success of an activity or project. 7.Provide an example of howyou assessed a situation and achieved good results by focusing on the most impor
10、tant priorities. 8. Provide anexample of how you acquired technical skills and converted them topracticalapplication. A.T. Kearney 代表性考题 1. Describe your greatest achievement in the past 4-5years？2.What are your short-term and long-term career tives？ What do you think is the most ideal job for you？
11、3. Why do you want to join A.TKearney？What do you think you can contribute to A.TKearney？ 4. Whyare you applying for a position at Arthur Anderson？ 5.What are you rexpectations of our firm？ 6. Describe your hobbiesand interests. Shell company 代表性考题 1. How would your colleagues /classmates describe y
12、ou in five words？On what evidence would they base this assessment？ 2. If you are asked to recruit the best graduates for shell, what would you do to attract them？What would you do to select them？ 3.Please describe a new activity that you have initiated andimplemented.Please highlight your role out.
13、4. Please describe your out standingnon-academic achievements. 5. Please describe any other significant activities you have been involved in includingorganizing people. 6.Imagine that Shell has found oil in an inland province of China,near a large river. You are responsible for planning how to trans
14、port the oil to the coast thousands of milesaway. What is the main issue you would consider, and what would you do？ CICC 代表性考题 1. Please tell us about an achievement that you are especially proud of because it was difficult or demanding.a) What the tive was？b) Why it is important to you？c) How you a
15、chieved itand the obstacles that you had to overcome in order to do so？ 2. What is your career plan？Three years after graduation, and five years after graduation？ 3. Why are you interested in investment bank？Whatother industries do you also have interests？ 4. Why do you think you can be a qualified investment banker？How can you contribute in this industry？
