1、,诗歌概论,Bibliography,Laurie E.Rozakis .How to interpret Poetry .上海译文出版社罗良功.英诗概论.武汉大学出版社齐晓燕.英诗的美学探究.中国传媒大学出版社卞之琳.英国诗选.商务印书馆杨宪益译.近代英国诗抄.人民文学出版社闻一多.诗与批评.三联书店朱光潜.诗论.上海古籍出版社中国诗歌翻译网 http:/,&1为什么学习诗歌？,从文学种类看 在语言功能上 心理功能上 思维功能上,诗是源头诗是最高技巧 人类生存的家园卡塔西斯说创造性,巴别塔海德格尔 亚里士多德,亚里士多德“卡塔西斯说”,拉丁文katharsis 宗教术语 净化 医学术语 宣泄
2、净化说：净化心灵中的怜悯、恐惧； 净化剧中人物的罪孽宣泄说：借他人酒杯浇自己块垒 在无利害冲突的情况下宣泄内省怜悯恐惧的欲望,海德格尔现象学基本观点,科学源于前科学世界,即人的生活世界，是人的结构对于直观世界的直觉式的概念化 科学方法不是解决哲学问题的金钥匙! 仅可作为参考人的任务是倾听存在的呼唤,所以 后期转向诗歌等艺术语言就是一种道，是人生密林的林中路the road not taken 时间性是人类的存在方式,Martin Heidegger （1889年-1976年）,诗歌是最接近于数学的艺术,数学家突然成诗人闻一多及新月派的诗歌创作“三美说” 建筑美即是诗歌的形式要整齐,每一句话的字
3、数差不多; 音乐美即是音韵语句节奏铿锵、押韵; 绘画美是指词藻的选用,即诗歌语言要具有色彩感。,巴别塔（1）The Tower of Babel,宗教上的巴别塔： 圣经旧约创世记第11章宣称，当时人类联合起来兴建希望能通往天堂的高塔；为了阻止人类的计划，上帝让人类说不同的语言，使人类相互之间不能沟通，计划因此失败，人类自此各散东西。此故事试图为世上出现不同语言和种族提供解释。,巴别塔（2）,历史上的巴别塔： 在希伯来语中，“巴别”是“变乱”的意思，于是这座塔就称作“巴别塔”。也有人将“变乱”一词解释为“巴比伦”，称那座城叫“巴比伦城”，称那座塔叫“巴比伦塔”。而在巴比伦语中，“巴别”或“巴比伦
4、”都是“神之门”的意思。同一词汇（“巴别”）在两种语言里竟会意思截然相反，着实令人费解。其实这是有缘由的。,&2诗歌有什么作用？,诗歌跨越时空,Poetry is universal to all people, all places,and all times.The most unlettered people have memorized poetry;The most cultured have nurtured it.Poetry knows no barriers,neither culture,age,gender,nor religion.,诗歌包容万千,We can even
5、 make a case that poetry captures the rhythm of the universe, the ebb and flow of the tides, the relentless beat of the seasons, and the rise and fall of our breath.,诗可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨，迩之事父，远之事君，多识于鸟兽草木之名。,诗歌是人类所拥有的最通用的语言,Why is poetry the closest thing humanity has to a universal language?Because poe
6、try delights the ear,mind, and soul. It satisfies our craving for beauty and music through the power of its language. 诗歌悦耳娱心,诗歌用人所未发之言表人所皆有之感,Poetry conveys more than mere pleasure. It also communicates meaning.Good poetry offers food for the soul.We value poetry for what it reveals about our inners
7、elves and outer lives. Poetry may make us from time to time a little more aware of the deeper, unnamed feelings to which we rarely penetrate. Nobel Prize-winning poet T.S.Eliot,诗歌是梦田,Poetry interprets our hidden emotions and gives them a voice.By calling attention to the aspects of life we might ove
8、rlook in our hurry,poetry makes us understand not only their nature but also our own.Poetry is not something special or set apart from our daily lives.rather, it is an integral part of everyone, an expression of our deepest hopes,wishes,and dreams.,Some people claims that,Although poetry satisfies a
9、 deep human appetite, many people fear and distrust it,claiming it is obscure, strange,and difficult to understand.Poetry is writtern by men and women out of touch with the realities of life.Even though such fears have little grounding in truth, they persist.,诗人来自尘世诗歌给他们飞翔的翅膀,In fact, from the earli
10、er times,most poets have been people of action, deeply involved with the rhythms of common life.Elizabethan poet Ben Jonson was a bricklayer and Scottish bard Robert Burns, a farmer.American poet Walt Whitman was a carpenter and teacher,EARobinson worked in the New york subways.Nor are female poets
11、sheltered from the rigors of life:Phillis wheatley was a former slave and Stevie Smith, a secretary.,读者是诗歌意义的真正创造者,Ironically, many poets fear their readers as much as some readers fear poetry.Emily Dickinson was well aware of the risk involved in revealing her soul through her poetry. She so feared
12、 the prejudice against poetry that she published only seven poems during her lifetime, more than a thousand of her poems were found in a shoebox after her death. This is my letter to the world,This is my letter to the worldEmily Dickinson,This is my letter to the World That never wrote to Me The sim
13、ple News that Nature told With tender Majesty Her Message is committed To Hands I cannot see For love of Hersweetcountrymen Judge tenderly of Me,随着文明的发展，诗歌几乎势在必衰（麦考莱）诗是强烈感情的自然迸发，其源泉是静静的回想的感动（王尔德）诗是成熟的理性（歌德）诗有说谎的特权（蒲林尼二世）诗是至上的幸福，至善的精神，至佳而且至高的瞬间幸福的记录（雪莱）诗歌是艺术的女王（托斯普拉特）人们历来认为，诗歌有一种神奇的力量，因为它能振奋起人的精神（培根）
14、“诗人是不被承认的立法者”（雪莱）,尽管诗歌疯狂，悲哀而又恶劣，但却甜美（罗勃朗宁）诗歌的灵魂在于创新，即创造出使人意想不到的，惊叹不已和 赏心悦目的东西（塞约翰逊）有灵魂的人可以在诗中找到知己（乔梅瑞狄斯）唯有那净我灵魂鼓我勇气的才叫诗（爱献生）诗是强烈感情的自然流露，它源于宁静中积累起来的情感（华兹华斯）我愿把未来的名望寄托在一首诗上，而不是十部巨著上-（奥霍姆斯）如果你有两块面包,你当用其中一块去换一朵水仙花。（柏拉图）,tanka sanjuroku Robert M Wilson,I write a poembut the poem writes meyou read a poem
15、but the poem reads youbetter to hold each other,denfiction of poem,Aristotles Poetics describe three genres of poetry the epic, the comic, and the tragic and develop rules to distinguish the highest-quality poetry in each genre, based on the underlying purposes of the genre,From Wikipedia,the free e
16、ncyclopedia,Poetry (from the Greek , poiesis, a making or creating) is a form of literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its ostensible meaning. Poetry may be written independently, as discrete poems, or may occur in conjunction
17、 with other arts, as in poetic drama, hymns or lyrics.,诗歌：培养兴趣的媒介,“诗是培养趣味的最好的媒介，能欣赏诗的人不但对于其他种类文学可有真确的了解，而且也决不会觉得人生是一件干枯的东西”。 朱光潜,学习英诗的困难,中文诗歌的前见干扰 中英诗歌区别英诗丰富多样的诗体英诗特有的音韵格律英语文化特有的主题,中英诗歌区别,形式美根本差别英诗以节奏统音韵；汉诗以音韵统节奏英诗频繁换韵或无韵；汉诗以押韵为灵魂英诗灵活分句灵活组句；汉诗句意整齐英诗音步有严格规定；汉诗的顿较为自由英诗音步非表意单位；汉诗的顿是一个意群,英诗诗体Type of poe
18、ms,史诗 epic颂体诗 Ode 挽歌 Elegy田园诗 Pastoral讽刺诗 Satire象征诗 Symbolist说教诗didactic poetry,民谣体 ballad无韵诗 Blank Verse十四行诗 Sonnet自由诗 Free Verse抒情诗 Lyric戏剧诗 Dramatic,欧洲四大史诗诗人four greatest poets in Europe,Homer 荷马 Virgil维吉尔 Dante 但丁 Milton弥尔顿,Bornmid-May to mid-June 1265 FlorenceDied:13-14 September 1321 Ravenna,
19、ItalyOccupation:Statesman, poet, language theoristNationality:ItalianWorks: the Supreme Poet,Dante Alighieri, painted by Giotto in the chapel of the Bargello palace in Florence. This oldest portrait of Dante was painted during his lifetime before his exile from his native city.,Born:December 9, 1608 Bread Street, Cheapside,London,EnglandDied:November 8, 1674 (aged65)Bunhill, London, EnglandOccupation:Poet, prose polemicist, civil servantNotable works:Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes, Areopagitica,
