1、English Grammar,Introduction to Grammar, content of grammar grammatical unit part of speech phrase sentence element relationship sentences,morphology,syntax,content of G,词法,句法,grammar: the rules of a language, for example for forming words or joining words together in sentenceswords & sentences,gram
2、matical unit,morphemewordphraseclausesentence,five units,词素,词,短语,分句/从句,句子,morpheme,smallest meaningful unit into which a word can be divided; eg: runsunlikely,contains two morphemes,contains three morphemes,word,sound or combination of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of
3、 the grammar or vocabulary of a language;,phrase,two or more words in sequence that form a syntactic unit that is less than a complete sentence;“The green car” and “at half past four” are phrases.,clause,group of words that includes a subject and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence; The
4、 sentence “ He often visits Spain because he likes the climate” consists of a main clause and a subordinate clause.,sentence,largest unit of grammar, usually containing a subject, a verb, an object, etc. and expressing a statement, question or command;,part of speech /word class 词类、词性 (10)notional w
5、ords 实词form words 虚词 words particle 小品词 - to dostructure word 结构词 (there be ) determiners 限定词 wh-word,1. noun (n.) 2. adjective (adj./a.) 3. numeral (num.) 4. pronoun (pron.) 5. verb (v.) 6. adverb (adv./ad.),7. article (art.) 8. preposition (prep.) 9. conjunction (conj.) 10. interjection (interj./i
6、nt.),art.pron. adj.num.,determiners,wh-word,what, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why, whether, how 用作：疑问词（除whether）从属连词名从和状从关系代词 (除whether, how)定从,11 types of phrase,1 noun phrase 2 pronoun phrase 3 verbal phrase 4 adjective phrase 5 adverbial phrase 6 numeral phrase,名词短语,代词短语,动词短语,形容词短语,副词短语
7、,数词短语,11 types of phrase,7 prepositional phrase 8 conjunctional phrase 9 participial phrase 10 gerundial phrase 11 infinitive phrase,分词短语,动名词短语,不定式短语,介词短语,连词短语,green house; white smith; full of water; because of; hundreds of; take place; to study hard; one another; on condition that; as well; standi
8、ng at the door; in case; Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.,member of sentence / (10)sentence element (句子成分) 1 主语 subject (S.) 2 谓语 predicate (V.) 3 宾语 object (O.),4 定语 attribute (At.) 5 状语 adverbial (Ad.) 6 补语 complement (C.) 7 表语 predicative (P.),动宾verbal object 介宾 prepositio
9、nal object 双宾 double object indirect object + direct object(人)间宾Oi. (物)直宾Od. 复合宾语 complex object object +object complement宾语 + 宾补O.C.,complement: object complement 宾补 subject complement 主补 Eg: We make our country richer. We elect him our monitor.Teacher let us go home.He was found dead in the room.
10、Our country is made richer by us.,8 同位语 appositive 9 插入语 parenthesis 10 呼语 vocative,He eats an apple every day.She is for the idea.Please hand me the book! Let us go home.,This is my sister Mary.Mary is a good girl, they say.Sit down, Mary.,Relationship word class sentence element,1 n. /pron. /num.
11、S. 2 v. V. 3 n. /pron. /num. O. 4 adj. /n. /v. C.,5 n. /pron. /adj. /adv. P. 6 adj. /n. /pron. /num. /adv. At. 7 adv. Ad.,Relationship word class sentence element, An orange is orange. Spring is here and we are busy with spring ploughing. There is a hot spring near the hill village. All the plants h
12、ave sprung up. He can spring over 1.9 meters.,Sentences, characteristicsclassification sub-classification,characteristics, first letter capitalized; with punctuation; independent syntactic structure; complete semantic meaning;,according to: communicative functiongrammatical structure,交际功能,语法结构,陈述句 d
13、eclarative sentence /statement 疑问句 interrogative sentence /question 祈使句 imperative sentence /command 感叹句 exclamatory sentence/exclamation,simple sentences 简单句 compound sentences 并列句 complex Sentences 复合句 inverted sentence /inversion倒装句 elliptical sentence /ellipsis省略句,Sub-classification, declarative
14、 sentence interrogative sentence imperative sentence exclamatory sentence simple sentence compound sentence complex sentence,declarative sentences:affirmative negative ,肯定句,否定句,interrogative sentences,general question / yes-no question一般疑问句是非疑问句 special question 特殊疑问句 alternative question 选择疑问句 disj
15、unctive question 反意疑问句 rhetorical question 修辞疑问句,Have you finished your work? What are you doing? Is the boy your friend or your brother? It is a nice day, isnt it? What is the use of crying over spilt milk?Who doesnt desire happiness?,imperative sentences,1st-person 第一人称祈使句 2nd-person 第二人称祈使句 3rd-p
16、erson 第三人称祈使句 without v. 无动词祈使句 negative form & emphatic form,1st-person : Lets + v.+Let us + v.+Let me + v.+,2nd-person :v.+; Be +a.+;You +v.+ (生气、训斥) eg: Stand up, please! Be quiet, please!You shut up! You mind your own business!,3rd-person : John phone the hospital! All be quiet, please! Somebody
17、 fetch some chalk for me., without v.: eg: Out of the way!Those in favor of this idea, hands up.,Negative form: Lets not + v.+ Dont /Never + v. / be+adj. +Emphatic form Do + v. / be+adj. +,exclamatory sentences： How + adj./adv. + S.+ V.+! What + (a/an) + (adj.) + n.+ S.+ V.+! words, phrases or sente
18、nces as eg: Excellent!A good idea!Here comes the bus!I have never heard of it before!,Basic Sentence Patterns: S. + Vi. + S. + V. + P. S. + Vt. + O. + S. + Vt. + Oi. + Od. + S. + Vt. + O. + O.C. + ,Compound Sentences,coordinative transitional alternative causal ,等立并列句,转折并列句,选择并列句,因果并列句,Complex Sente
19、nces,nominal clause adjectival clause adverbial clause,名词性从句,形容词性从句,副词性从句,Nominal Clauses,Including: subject clauses object clauses predicative clauses appositive clauses,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,Adjectival Clause,i.e. attributive clauses 定语从句 Subdivided into: restrictive 限制性定语从句 non-restrictive 非限制性定从,i.e. Adverbial Clause,timeplace adverbial clause of causeconditionpurpose,时间状从,地点状从,原因状从,条件状从,目的状从,i.e. Adverbial Clause,resultconcession adverbial clause of mannercomparisonanalogy,结果状从,让步状从,方式状从,比较状从,类比状从,
