1、中考英语复习方案 语法部分,第一篇 词法 动词,知识概要 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多，但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。 动词的分类：实意动词，系动词，助动词和情态动词。 时态：初中范围主要有一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时，一般将来时，过去将来时，现在进行时和过去进行时八种时态。 语态：主动语态与被动语态。 非谓语动词，也就是不定式，动名词及现在分词的用法。,动词的分类,难点链接,1、按词义和句中的作用，动词可以分为四类,1）谓语动词,2）非谓语动词,5.动词有五种形态，分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分
2、词。,英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。,难点链接,（1）一般现在时的基本用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every, sometimes, at, on Sunday。如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表
3、示格言或警句中。 Good beginning is the half of success. 【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much. 5) 某些动词如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。 The train comes at 3 oclock
4、. 6) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。 Ill help you as soon as you have problem. Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.,动词的时态,难点链接,动词的时态,（2）一般过去时的用法： 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。 I worked in that factory la
5、st year. （3）一般将来时的用法 1）表示将来的动作或状态。例如： I shall attend the meeting tomorrow. 2）表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：He will go to see his mother every Saturdays. 3）表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺， 命令等时常用will，征求对方意见，主语是第一人称时，常用shall。 I will do my best to catch up with them. Shall I open the door? 4）be + going + 动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型，表示打算，计划，
6、最近 或将来要作的某事。 I am going to Beijing next week.,难点链接,动词的时态,（4）现在进行时的用法 1) 现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作， 它注重现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。 What are you doing now? I am looking for my key. 2) 现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时这个动作不一定在进行）。 The students are preparing for the examination. 3) 某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，
7、这些动词有 arrive, come, leave, start等。 They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow. 【注意】表示认识、知觉和情感的动词，一般不用现在进行时。如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer等。,难点链接,动词的时态,（5）现在完成时的用法 1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。 I have bought a bicycle. They have cleaned the classroom. 2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能持续
8、下去的动作或状态。 现在完成时常与for 和 since 引导的短语或从句连用。 We have lived here since 1976. They have waited for more than two hours. 【注意】一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响；一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用。试比较： I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了，不涉及现在） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内
9、容已经知道了。）,难点链接,动词的时态,（6）过去进行时的用法 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。例如： I was watching TV when she came to see me. 【注意】过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情，但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态，强调动作的连续进行，而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实，例如： They were building a house last month. （上个月正在建造，建造好与否不知）They built a new house last month. （上个月建造好了，动作已经完成） （7）过去
10、完成时的用法 过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，过去完成时常和 by , before 等词组成的短语和从句连用。 We had already learned two thousands words by the end of last year. When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes. （8）过去将来时的用法 过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态，过去将来时较多地被运用在宾语从句中。例如：I told him that I w
11、ould see him off at the station.,难点链接,动词的语态,一、语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。 例如：Many people speak Chinese. 谓语speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词“构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通
12、过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。 一般现在时：amisarespoken 一般过去时：waswerespoken 一般将来时：willshall /be going to bespoken 现在进行时：amisare beingspoken 过去进行时：was/were beingspoken 现在完成时：havehas beenspoken 过去将来时：would be +spoken 过去完成时：had been + spoken,难点链接,动词的语态,三、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词be过去分词“构成，原
13、来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to“仍要保留。 We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. They should do it at once. It should be done at once. 四、被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如：Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1
14、981年。（没有必要说明桥是谁修的） (2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。 This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。 Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。,难点链接,动词的语态,五、主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。 (3)把主动语
15、态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory. He cut down a tree. A tree was cut down by him.,难点链接,动词的语态,（4）某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用
16、于被动语态。 The children were taken good care of by her. （ 5） 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况 若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to“。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, see, notice, watch等。例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom. I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).,非谓语动词,
17、难点链接,非谓语动词,一、非谓语动词的种类 非谓语动词，顾名思义，即不能作句子的谓语用的动词，也称动词的非限定形式。主要分为动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词和动名词四种，非谓语动词也有动词的特征，可有自己的状语和宾语。,二、动词不定式 动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，有加“to”和省to两种形式，可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语，宾语补足语、状语等成份。 1、动词不定式作主语。 To get an injection is a little painful. To learn English well is a good thing. 注：（1）不定式作主语，整个结构看成一个整体，谓语用单数
18、形式，还可用it作形式主语而把不定式放于句末，保持句子平衡。如 It takes me two hours to finish my English homework. Its difficult to learn English well. (2)不定式作主语有两种特殊结构，一般认为是由for 或of引导其逻辑主语，如 Its important for us to learn a foreign language. Its difficult for us to finish it on time. Its kind /good/nice of you to help me. Its cl
19、ever /foolish/polite/careful/careless of you to do that.,2、动词不定式作表语。 My job is to feed animals. Our duty is to keep the classroom clean and tidy. His wish is to become a singer. 3、动词不定式作宾语 He wants to borrow a book from me. I hope to see my pen friend as soon as possible. Children love to play games
20、. I found it difficult to get on with him.(it为形式宾语，真正宾语为不定式) 注：不定式有时与疑问句where, how, what, which, when, who 等连用，作动词的宾语。如： What to doHow to do itWhere to goI dont know When to set offWhich one to chooseWho to ask He gave a talk on how to study English Well.,难点链接,非谓语动词,4、不定式作定语 Would you like something
21、 to drink /to read/to eat? I have a lot of homework to do. I have something important to tell you. 5、不定式作宾语补足语。分省“to”和加“to”两种。 I told him to do it himself.(加to) He asked me to buy some oranges for him.（加to） e didnt expect him to be the winner.(加to) I often saw him go to the cinema last year.(省to) Pl
22、ease let the boy come in.（省to） The boss makes the workers work ten hours a day.(省to) 注：感观动词（see, watch, notice, hear, feel）和使役动词（have, let , make）后用省to不定式作宾补，但改成被动语态时，不定式前加to，宾语补语相应变成主语补语。 如；The workers are made to work ten hours a day. 6、作状语 They went to the shop to buy some school things.(目的状语) My
23、 sister to young to go to school.（结果状语）,难点链接,非谓语动词,三、现在分词和过去分词 现在分词由动词加“ing”构成（构成方式略）表示主动或正在进行；过去分词由规则动词加“ed”或不规则变化，一般表示被动或动作已完成。分词主要起形容词和副词作用，可在句中作表语定语，状语、宾补等成份。 1、作表语The news is exciting. The result is amazing The window is broken. The door is locked. 2、作定语 Do you know the young man standing under
24、 the tree? The woman wearing a red coat is my aunt. I like to read books written by LuXun. She asked Grandma to put a bookmark in each of the borrowed books.3、作状语 A lot of land has gone with the trees, leaving only sand.(结果) They wake up their parents , calling “Merry Christmas”（伴随）4、作宾补 I hear a gi
25、rl singing in the next room. Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. We had our pictures taken in the middle of the square.,难点链接,非谓语动词,四、动名词 在形式上，动名词与现在分词无法区别，但现在分词里一个动词性的形容词，而动名词则是一个动词性的名词，它具有名词的绝大多数特征，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补等成份。 1、作主语 Seeing is believing.（眼见为实） Selling computers to foreign countries is his job. P
26、icking apples is much better than having classes. 注：动名词作主语可与表语对调位置；有时也可用it作形式主语，而将动名词放于句末。如： His job is selling computers to foreign countries.（主语与表语可互换） Its no use complaining about others. 2、作表语 His job is feeding animals. The only thing that I want to do is sleeping.,难点链接,非谓语动词,3、作宾语，分为动词宾语与介词宾语两
27、种。 Tom enjoys living in Beijing. Have you finished reading that novel? Would you mind my opening the door. I often practice speaking English. Thank you for teaching us so well. What about going fishing tomorrow? 注：有些动词后加不定式和动名词作宾语有两种截然不同的含义。 如：go on to do sth（接着做另一件事） go on doing sth（继续做同一件事）forget
28、/remember to do sth（记住或忘记去做某事，还未做）forget /remember doing sth（记住或忘记做过某事，事先已做过）stop to do sth（停下来做某事） stop doing sth（停止做某事） 4、作定语a swimming pool a sleeping car a reading room 注：现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的不同之处在于：现在分词相当于一个定语从句的作用，可改成定语从句，而动名词相当于一个名词作定语，说明被修饰词的类别、功能或性质，不可以改成定语从句。 The sleeping child=the child who is
29、sleeping The woman talking with my father is my English teacher. =The woman who is talking with my father is my English teacher.,难点链接,非谓语动词,一.动词不定式 1.主语+decide(hope, agree, choose, wish, learn等）+to do sth.2.主语+ask(tell, get, wish, like, want, teach, know等）+宾语+to do sth. 3.主语+be +happy(glad, pleased,
30、 angry, sorry, careful, ready, nice, lucky,等）+to do sth. 4.主语+think(make, fine, feel,find等）+it +形容词（名词）+to do sth.5too+形容词（副词）+（for sb.)+to do sth.+形容词（副词）enough + to do sth. 6.Its+careful(clever, kind, good, right, wrong等）+of sb.+to do sth. 7.It takes sb.some time+to do sth. 8.疑问词+to do sth. 9.Why+
31、(not)do sth., Would (Will)you please (not)do sth. 和 had better (not) do sth. 10.主语+feel(listen to/hear,let/make/have,see/watch/notice/look at/help)+宾语+do sth.（注意：hear,see等感觉动词常接doing sth.表示动作发生过程或强调和谓语动作同时发生。） 11.主语+like/love/hate/begin/start等+to do sth.(doing sth.) 12.主语+remember/forget to do sth.
32、主语+remember/forget doing sth. 主语+stop to do sth. 主语+stop doing sth. 主语+try to do sth. 主语+try doing sth.,难点链接,非谓语动词主要句型归纳,二.现在分词（动名词） 1.主语+enjoy/finish/mind/keep(on)/miss/feel等 +doing sth.2.be busy (in)doing sth. give up/cant help doing sth. thanks for/be used for/look forward to doing sth.3.spend.(i
33、n)doing sth. stop. from doing sth. keep/see/hear sb.doing sth. (注意see, hear等词的这种用法与后面接动词不定式作宾补在意义是有区别的 )4.How (What) about doing sth.?5.stop doing sth. (停止做某事） remember/forget doing sth.(记住/忘记曾做过的一件事) try doing sth.(试一试，试试看）(注意它们和接动词不定式意义的区别） 6.like/love/hate/begin/start doing sth.,难点链接,非谓语动词句型归纳,容易
34、混淆的常用动词的辨析,难点链接,(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。 1) say表示讲话，作为及物动词使用，后跟宾语或宾语从句。 He said he would go there. Its time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you. 2)speak表示“讲话”，一般作为不及物动词使用，而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。Do you speak English? May I speak to Mr. Pope, please? 3) talk表示“谈话”，是不及物动词，与to , about, with等连用，
35、才可以接宾语。 What are you talking about? Mr. Jackson is talking with my father in the office now. 4) tell 表示“告诉，讲述”是及物动词，可以带双宾语或复合宾语。 She told us an interesting story yesterday. My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.,(2) look, see, watch和read的用法。 1) look强调“看”这个动作，是不及物动词，常与a
36、t连用，然后接宾语。 Look! The girl is swimming in the lake. Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual? 2) see 指“看见”某物，强调的是结果。 They cant see the words on the blackboard. Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday? 3) watch 指的是“观看”，“注视”之意。 The twins are watching TV now. He will go to watch
37、a volleyball match. 4） read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。 Dont read in the sun. I like to read newspapers when I am free.,难点链接,容易混淆的常用动词的辨析,难点链接,容易混淆的常用动词的辨析,(3) borrow, lend和keep的区别。 1) borrow意思为“借入”，常常与from连用，是非延续性动词，表示瞬间即能完成的动作。 Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now. May I borrow your dictionary?
38、2) lend 是“借出”之意，常常与to连用，同borrow一样，是非延续性动词，只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。 Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr. Li. Could you lend us your radio, please? 3) keep是“保存”的意思，动作可以延续。 How long can the recorder be kept? The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.,(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。 1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。
39、Bring me the book, please. May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday? 2) take意思是“拿走”，“带走”，把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。 It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you. Mother took the little girl to the next room. 3) carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思，指随身携带，有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义，不表明来去的方向。 Do you always carry a handbag? The box
40、is heavy. Can you carry it? 4) get是去某处将某物拿回来。 Please go to my office to get some chalk. There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?,难点链接,容易混淆的常用动词的辨析,难点链接,容易混淆的常用动词的辨析,(5) wear, put on和dress的区别 1) wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等，强调“穿着”的状态。 Tom always wears black shoes. He wears a ra
41、incoat even when it is fine. She doesnt like to wear a red flowers in her hair. 2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。 Its cold. Youd better put on your coat. He put on his hat and went out of the room. 3) dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词，有“穿着”“打扮”的意思。作“穿着”解时，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时，它的宾语是人，不是衣服。dress
42、 sb. （给某人穿衣服），而wear作“穿着”用时，也是及物动词，但它的宾语是物，不是人，即wear sth.（穿着衣物）。 She always dresses well. Get up and dress quickly. Mary is dressing her child.,难点链接,容易混淆的常用动词的辨析,(6) take, spend 和use的用法。 1) take指做某事用多少时间，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth. It took me three days to finish the wo
43、rk. It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest. 2) spend指某人在某事（物）上花费时间或钱。句型是： Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth. She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat. He didnt spend much time on his lessons. He spent much time (in) correcting students exercises. 3) use表示使
44、用工具、手段等。 Do you know how to use the computer? Shall we use your car?,(7)reach, get 和arrive的区别。 1) reach是及物动词，后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。 After the train had left, they reached the station We reached the top of the mountain at last. 2) get是不及动词，常与to连用，再接名词，后面接表示地点的副词时，不用to，get to常用于口语中。 When the students got t
45、o the cinema, the film had begun. My sister was cooking when mother got home. 3) arrive是不及物动词，表示到达一个小地方时，用arrive at, 到达一个大地方时用arrive in。 The soldiers arrived at a small village The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.,容易混淆的常用动词的辨析,难点链接,英语动词的五种基本形式及变化规则,英语动词有五种基本形式。它们是动词原形、第三人称单数现在时（简称单三）、过去式
46、、过去分词和现在分词。这五种形式和助动词一起构成英语的各种时态和语态等。,1、单三形式变化规则,（1）一般动词在词尾加- s, 在清辅音后读 /s / ,在浊辅音或元音后读 / z / ;在t后读/ ts /, 在d后读 / dz /。例如：help helps ，swim swims,（2）以字母s, x, ch , sh 结尾的动词加- es, 读/ iz/ , 在d后读/ dz/.以o结尾的动词也加es，读/ z /。例如：guess guesses，teach teaches，go goes,（3）以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-es，读/ z /。例如： fly flie
47、s carry carries,注： be is have has,难点链接,2. 动词- ing形式的构成：,（1） 一般在动词末尾加-ing. 例如:go going，ask asking,（2）以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing. 例如:write writing，close closing，take taking,（3）以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这一字母，再加-ing. 例如：get getting，sit sitting，put putting，run running，begin beginning,3. 规则动词过去式的构成,（1）一般
48、在动词原形末尾加-ed.结尾是e 的动词直接加-d.例如:look looked，play played，live lived，hope hoped,（2）末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed. 例如：stop stopped，plan planned，trip tripped,（3）结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加-ed. 例如:study studied，carry carried,难点链接,英语动词的五种基本形式及变化规则,(4)不规则动词过去式,常见的不规则动词的过去式有:am/is was ,are were, go went, ha
49、ve had, do did, get got, come came, say said, see saw put put, eat ate, take took等详见课本后附录并熟记！,补： There be 结构“There is /are +某物 / 某人 +某地 / 某时”这样一种句型.句子中的is /are 和后面所跟的名词在数的方面必须一致。,（1）肯定句There is (Theres) a train in the picture.,（2）否定句There is not (isnt) a picture on the wall .There are not (arent) any birds in the tree .,（3）疑问句和简略答语Is there a girl under the tree? Yes ,there is . /No ,there is not(isnt). Are there any glasses on the table ? Yes, there are. / No, there are not （arent） How many days are there in a week?There are seven.,
