1、冠 词,1. 冠词的泛指和特指用法,泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。,冠词的泛指和特指用法可归纳为下表：,单数可数名词一定要用冠词,复数可数名词不可数名词,a(n),the,泛指单一，每一，任一事物,指类别,特指,上文提到过的事物,被限制性修饰语所限定的事物,说话双方所默认的事物,世界上独一无二的事物,指类别,the特指,零冠词,上文提到过的事物,被限制性修饰语所限定的事物,说话双方所默认的事物,泛指的一些事物,指类别,不定冠词修饰可数名词其意思为“一个”；
2、定冠词可修饰可数/不可数名词，往往表特指其意思相当于“这个”， 单数可数名词只要不用在抽象化的语境中，一定要加冠词(或者加不定冠词，或者加定冠词)。这时不妨可用“一个”或“这个(种)”来检验。,（1）-Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning.-Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a,（2）Most animals have little connection with _ animals of _ diff
3、erent kind unless they kill them for food.A. the; a B. /; a C. the; the D. /; /,D,B,许多人都持相同的看法，在当前国际贸易交往中，英语知识是必备的知识,Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.,（2）不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的一日三餐前。,我每天早晨上班前吃点简单的早餐。,Before I go to work every morning, Ive a light break
4、fast.,（3）不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的季节、日期前。,车祸是7月底的一个星期天发生的。,The traffic accident happened on a Sunday towards the end of July.,（1）不定冠词a(n)用于有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词前。,21不定冠词a(n)的几种特殊用法,（4）不定冠词a(n)用于序数词前，表示一次，又一。用于形容词最高级前无比较级含义。“非常”,再学一门语言是多么重要啊! 这是一本很有用的书。,How important it is to learn a second language! This is a most
5、 useful book.,否定比较级表达最高级意义时，常借助于不定冠词a/an.- what do you think of the film? -Oh , 我从没看过这最糟糕的电影。,Ill never seen a worse one.,（5）不定冠词a(n)表示“per”的意思。,他的月收入是1000元。,His income is one thousand yuan a month.,（6）不定冠词a(n)用于有goodgreat many修饰的名词复数前。,我参观过长城好多次。,Ive visited the Great Wall a good many times.,（7）不定冠
6、词a(n)用于形式为复数，但意义仍为单数的名词前。,一千英里是相当远的距离。,A thousand miles is a good distance.,（8）不定冠词a(n)用于一些原来是动词的名词前,晚饭后，让我们围着操场散步吧!,Lets have a walk around the playground after supper.,（9）有一些抽象名词：advice(忠告)，behavior(行为)，fortune(运气)，fun(娱乐)，information(情报)，progress(进步)，damage(损害)，harm(伤害)等，即使被形容词修饰，也不加不定冠词。,一次性行为特别
7、名词化的动词前：have/take a look at ,have a talk / swim / test,go for a swim /walk ,come to an end , have /take a rest,10)a用于姓氏前表示某个只知道名字而不不熟悉的人。 A Mr Liu is waiting to see you outside.11) 在某些句型中可加a It is a pity that you have missed the chance. It is a shame / a pleasure / a honour for sb. to do sth.12)a/an
8、 用于说明事物的同一性质、特点、程度或大小，表示“相同”之意，相当于the same .we are nearly of an age . Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚。,卡尔马克思就怎样学好外语，提出了许多建议。,Karl Marx gave us some advice on how to learn a foreign language well.,（13）用在某些固定词组中。,A few, a little, a lot of, a bit, a couple of, all of a sudden(突然), as a matter of
9、 fact(实际上)in a hurry(匆忙的), in a word(简言之), have a good time(玩得愉快), do sb. a favour(帮忙),pay a visit to(访问), as a rule(惯例), as a whole(总之), in a day or two(一两天), in a way(在某种程度上), of a size(大小相同), have a word with sb.(与交谈), make a living(谋生), take ( a ) pride in(自豪), take a walk(break, bath, seat)(散步(
10、休息、洗澡、就座), a great deal of(大量), be a pity(遗憾),have a cold(headache, fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧),many a(许多), catch a cold(感冒)a piece/kind /number /set / pair / of take a seat /a train/ a bus .,2.2 定冠词的用法,定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个“的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 1）特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine. 把药吃了 2）上文
11、提到过的人或事:He bought a house. Ive been to the house 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3）指世上独一物二的事物: the sun， the sky， the moon, the earth 4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。,5）用在序数词和adj/adv最高级，及形容词only， very,same等前面： Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在
12、二层。 Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。 6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体： They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)the two of us =2 / two of us 2 7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：She caught me by the arm 她抓住了我的手臂。 8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前： the Peoples
13、 Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国,用于表示海洋、河流、山脉、群岛；报纸、杂志、书籍、会议、条约、信仰等名词前。 The Atlantic 大西洋 the Thames 泰晤士河 The Alps 阿尔卑斯山 the Changjiang (Yangtze) The Yellow Sea the Book of Poetry 诗经 注意： Life 生活周刊 Times 时代周刊 News Week 新闻周刊 含有Mount ,Lake , Cape 等表示孤岛、独山，湖泊的名词前不加定冠词。 Lake Baikal 贝加尔湖 Mt.
14、 Fushi 富士山 Mt. Ali 阿里山 但中国湖泊名词前却加定冠词。The Dongting Lake 也可用Lake Dongting Bay 海湾在专有名词后时不加定冠词。Jiaozhou Bay 胶州湾,9）用在表示西洋乐器的名词之前,但汉语拼音的乐器前不用冠词。 She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。 play erhu 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示”一家人”or“两夫妇“ ： the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)11) 用在表示方向、方位名词前 介词短语中加 Birds come back from the south in spring L
15、ead to the weat of Urals is called Europe. 但在某些方位词+介词短语中，方位词前不用冠词。north by east from east to west Note： suburbs 郊区及countryside (农村)之前要用定冠词she doesnt live near the downtown area ,but out in the suburbs. 方位名词大写，指某个国家或世界的某一部分时，前面要用定冠词。 The North is colder than the South. The Middle East the South Pole,
16、12）用在表示学校、星座、船只、舰队、铁路、飞机、三军、 历代朝代等的名词前the Univeristy of London the Air Force the Big Dipper 北斗星 The stone age the Sping and Autumn Period the Zhongshan 中山舰 the univeristy of BeijingBeijing Univeristythe Beijing Univeristy 13）定冠词可以用以表示对人体部位的特指，在下列结构中 指人体某部位 时The stone struck her in the eye ,He patted
17、 the girl on the head 14) In the fifties 50 年代in ones fifties 50 多岁,18)用在习惯用语中： in the day, in the morning /afternoon /eveningthe day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday,the next morning, in the sky (water，field,country), in the dark，in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end,
18、 on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre,15)序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第”之意， 16）在表示发明物的单数名词前， The telephone is widely used. 17) 用在表示单位的名词前。by the yard 按码 by the day /week /month /hour/dozen,2.3 零冠词的用法,1) 单个单词构成的专有名词前(国名，人名前通常不用定冠词)：China has a larger population thanAmerican Mary； 2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；
19、They are teachers. 他们是教师。 3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词； Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。 4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。 5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词； We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 由Day 构成的与公历有关的节日名词前也不加冠词June 1st is C
20、hildrens Day Womens Day Nationals Day Spring is the best season of the year. 但 the Spring Festival , 以上被一个限定性定语修饰，就要加冠词。 He saw her in the spring of 2005,6）称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，一般不加冠词。； The guards took the American to General Lee. Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor
21、 Li. We made him our chairman. 7）在三餐、球类和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast，play chess 8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词； I cant write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。 9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；by bus，by train；10） every 作副词用，表示每 “每隔几.”时。plant a tree every few metres11) 方位副词前Japan lies east of china .,(12)F
22、rom to以及”名词+介词+（同样）名词” 的名词前不加冠词。face to face /mouth to mouth / shoulder to shoulder day by day /day after day hand in hand / arm in arm （13）Man作人类讲时。Man can conquer nature .(14)as 引导的让步状语从句句型中的单数名词前。Hero as he is , he is still modest.Child as he is ,he knows a lot. (15) 介词BY+ 表单位的时间，长度， 重量，面积，价钱等总称名
23、词前。Ill pay you by time / by the hour We pay for our package by weight / by the gram By the foot 按尺 by the yard 按码 by the dozen 按打 by the month 按月 by the day by the thousand 成千的 by the gallon 加仑,(16) 介词in+颜色名词表穿着。 The girl in red is LiPings sister (17)单数可数名词前已经被物主代词，数词， 指示代词或名词所有格修饰时 My story-book is
24、 more interesting than this book. One book is on the desk Li Mings picture is beautiful than my brothers.(18)toward(s),all 后紧跟时间名词时。 Dont play all day . They didnt come back until toward evening.,(19)word 作消息讲时，用零冠词。Word came that he would go abroad.,20)用在表示程度的形容词最高级前，不用冠词。 Your help was most timely
25、. This method is most effective. 注意：如果有比较范围，形容词最高级前必须加定冠词： Of all methods, this is the most effective.,21）不用冠词的序数词； 序数词前有物主代词 b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race. c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all, from first to last,22)某些固定词组中不用冠词。 名词词组中： husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day
26、 and night, knife and fork 介词词组中： to(at, from) school, in (to)class, to（in, into, from）church, in (to,at, from)university（college）, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane),
27、on foot,在某些习惯用语中，用还是不用冠词，意义不同，有时甚至差别很大，使用时要特别注意。,进餐,在桌子旁,at table,at the table,in hospital,in the hospital,by sea,by the sea,go to sea,go to the sea,in future,in the future,住院,在医院里,乘船（由海路）,在海边,当水手,去海边,从今以后，将来,未来,1.,2.,3.,4.,5.,2.4用冠词与不用冠词的差异,究竟,在地球上，在世上,上学（做礼拜）,到学校（教堂）去,在（外部的）前面,在（内部的）前面,骑着马,在马背上,发生
28、,代替,take the place of,take place,on the horseback,on horseback,in the front of,in front of,go to the school (church),go to school (church),on the earth,on earth,6.,7.,8.,9.,10.,我们当中的两人,我们两人（共计两人）,毫无疑问，一定,不可能,大体上，一般地,全部地，整体,一个重要的会议,最重要的会议,又一次,第三次,the third time,A third time,the most important meeting
29、,A most important meeting,as a whole = altogether,on the whole = in general,out of the question,out of question,the two of us,two of us,11.,12.,13.,14.,15,稍远一些,在远处,许多,的数目,一会儿,目前，暂时,负责,由负责，在掌管之下,在白天,按日计算,by the day,by day,be in the charge of,be in charge of,for the moment,for a moment,the number of,A
30、 number of,in the distance,at a distance ( of),16.,17.,18.,19.,20.,拥有,为所有,能看见,据的见解,代替,在的地方,成年,同龄,征求意见,听从劝告,他仍在执政,他仍在办公室里,He is still in the office.,He is still in office,take the advice,take advice,be of an age,be of age,in the place of,in place of,in the sight of,in sight of,in the possession of,in
31、 possession of,21.,22.,23.,24.,25.,26.,冠词表类别的常见方式 （1）定冠词 + 单数可数名词，表示一个，代表一类。 The computer was invented in 1945. The TV set was invented by Joan Baird. The horse is a useful animal. （2）不定冠词 + 单数可数名词（表示任意一个，某一个）。 A pen is a tool for writing. A square has four sides. A horse is a useful animal. 注意：man,
32、 woman表示泛指时，不用冠词，且常用单数。 如： Man is fighting a battle against pollution. Man tries to be the protector of woman.,2.5冠词与形容词+名词结构,1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。 He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。 He raises a black and white ca
33、t. 他养了一只花猫。,2.6 冠词位置,1) 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。 注意： a. 在名词词组如有such，what，many，half等修饰是，a/an置于这些词之后。 I have never seen such an animal. What a exciting film ！ half a month Many a man is fit for the job.b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后： It is as pleasant a day as I have e
34、ver spent. So short a time. Too long a distance. We wonder how difficult a problem he worked out. c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。 但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。 如：quite a sudden change a quite sudden change,d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后： Brave a man though he is，he trembles at t
35、he sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。 e . 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。There is much bigger a room than mine.2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，exactly, just ,both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。 All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。 just the right place half the story twice the
36、 price,1. Paper money was in _ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _ thirteenth century.A. the; / B. the; the C. /; the D. /; / 2. It is not rare in _ that people in _ fifties are going to university for further education.A. 90s; their B. the 90s; / C. 90s; . D. the 9Os; their 3. Sum
37、mer in _ south of France are for _ most part dry and sunny.A. /; a B. the; / C. /; / D. the; the 4. Most animals have little connection with _ animals of _ different kind unless they hunt them for food.A. the; a B. /; a C. the; the D. /; he 5. Mr. Smith, theres a man at _ front door who says he has
38、_ news for you of greatimportance.,C,D,D,B,A,6. The warmth of _ sweater will of course be determined by the short of _ wood used.A. the; file B. the; / C. /; / D. /;/ 7. A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in _ leg.A. a B one C. the D. his 8. I dont like talking on _ telephone. I prefer writ
39、ing _ letters.A. a; the B. the; / C. the; the D. a; / 9. Jumping out of _ airplane at ten thousand that is quite _.exciting experience.A. /; the B. /; an C. an; an D. the; the 10. One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _good knowledge of basic word formation.A. / B. the C. a D. one,
40、B,C,B,C,C,11. The cakes are delicious. Hed like to have _ third one because _ second one is rather too smallA. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a 12. There s _ dictionary on _ desk by your side.A, a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the 13. -Where is my blue shirt?-It s in the washing machine. You ha
41、ve to wear _ different one.A. any B. the C. a D. other 14. The sign reads “In case of _ fire, break the glass and push _ red button.A. /; a B. /; the C. the; the D. a; a 15. I earn 10 dollars _ hour as _ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.A. a; an B. the; a C. an; a D. an; the,C,A,C,B,C,16. _horse is
42、_useful animal. _car runs faster than _ bike. A . A ,a BThe ,the C.A , the D . The , a 17. Tom is _8-year old boy . A the B a C / Dan 18. In 1865 ,Abraham Lincoln was elected _ President of the U.S.A a B the C / D one Comrade Li , _ head of the department , is coming to inspect us. A . / B the C thi
43、s D a 20. _he saw now was not the same as he had left 50 years before.A . China B. The China C. A China D . An China,D,A,D,C,A,B,21.I dont know when _man discovered _gold , _very precious metal A / , / , a B. the , /, / C. the, /, / D ./, the, a 22. I dont know who invented _ telescope , but I think it is _ most useful invention. A. the ,the B. the ,a C a , the D . a ,a,A,B,Thank you,
