1、,Important words,1.explore,Verb T,to discuss or think about something carefully,探讨，探究,Im going to explore the possibility of a part-time job,我将探讨一下兼职工作的可能性。,I,T,to travel around an area in order to find out about it:,考察，勘察,Venice is a wonderful city to explore.,威尼斯是一个值得考察的美丽城市。,explorer n explosion
2、n exploration n,annual,adjective,happening once a year,一年一度的，每年的,The school trip has become an annual event.,学校组织的旅行成了每年都要举行的活动。,annual report/meeting/conference,年度报告、年会,based on or calculated over a period of one year,按年度计算的,annually adverb,The jazz festival is held annually in July.,爵士音乐节每年7月举行。,e
3、xtreme,adjective,very great in degree,极大地，极度的,It is necessary to use extreme caution with chemicals.,接触化学药品必须极其小心。,very unusual and severe or serious,极为异常的；极严厉的,extreme circumstances/ weather/conditions,极端情况/天气/条件,extreme opinions, beliefs, or organizations, especially political ones, are considered
4、 by most people to be unacceptable and unreasonable,尤指政治上，极端的，偏激的,His political ideas are rather extreme.,extreme sports/surfing/skiing,极限运动，冲浪，滑雪,noun 极端,go to extremes/take sth to extremes,extremely adv. Im extremely sorry to have troubled you.,trap,verb,trapped, trapping,usually passive,To preven
5、t someone from escaping from somewhere, especially a dangerous place,困住；使陷于危险中,Twenty miners were trapped underground.,二十名矿工被困在地下。,feel/be trapped 陷于困境,Julia felt trapped in her role of wife and mother.,茱莉亚觉得自己被为人妻母的角色套牢了。,To catch someone by forcing them into a place from which they cannot escape,把
6、困住以便抓捕，迫使进入,The police trapped the terrorists at a roadblock.,警察在设有路障的地方堵住了恐怖分子。,Classification of Motivations,phonetic motivation grammatical motivation motivation by meaning,林承璋,Classification of Motivations,onomatopoeic motivation morphological motivation semantic motivationetymological motivatio
7、n （张维友）,What is onomatopoeic motivation?,Moo, moo,1. Onomatopoeic motivation,Remember the definition!,It means defining theprinciple of motivationby sound.,Classicification,Primary onomatopoeia Secondary onomatopoeia,Primary onomatopoeia,Gobble, gobble, gobble, A turkey says gobble. Quack, quack, qu
8、ack, A duck says quack.,Secondary onomatopoeia,* sn- : breath-noise * sl- : slippery * -ump : round * gl- : shining light * cl- : cling,* sn- : breath-noisesniff; snuff; snore; snort * sl- : slipperyslide; slip; slush; sly; sluggish; sleet * -ump : roundbump; hump; lump; dump; rump; jump * gl- : shi
9、ning lightglisten; glitter; glow; gleam; glare * cl- : clingclaw; clip; clam; clamp,What is semantic motivation?,The natives were cowed by the army.,2. semantic motivation,Rememberthe definition!,It means thatmotivation is basedon semantic factors.,2. semantic motivation,It is a kind of mental assoc
10、iation.,literal meaning,figurative meaning,2. semantic motivation,metaphor metonymy synecdocheanalogy,metaphor,A,B,is similar to,main artery of transportation in the young nations heart.literal meaning: main blood vesselfigurative meaning: main road,metaphor,metaphor,mouth 1. 嘴；口Ones mouth is full o
11、f pap.乳臭未干。 2. 出入口the mouth of a volcano火山口 3. vt., vi.喃喃地说出；心不在焉地说；He crept into the corner, mouthing curses.,metaphor,bitter 1. 有苦味的； bitter fruit 2. 刺痛的 bitter wind 3. 怀恨的 bitter enemies 4. 刻薄的 bitter remark,metaphor,1. My case snowballed into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history. 2. Aft
12、er the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement. 3. He thundered in his sonorous organ tones. 4. Malone had won the oratorial dual with Bryan. 5. Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defense.,metonymy,A,B,is closely related to,me
13、tonymy,bench 1. 长凳 2. 法官或全体法官,metonymy,1) Please drink a cup or two. 2) He is fond of bottle. 3) The kettle is boiling over. 4) The town was starving. 5) The stove is burning.,metonymy,6) The hall applauded. 7) The speaker called the House to order. 8) His favourite dish is steak and kidney pie. 9)
14、The pen is mightier than the sword.,metonymy,10) That farmer gave up the plough. 11) He prefers a hoe to a golf club. 12) A hundred bayonets were marching down the street. 13) I cant let my heart rule my head.,metonymy,14) He had an ear for music, an eye for paintings, and a sharp tongue. 15) Have y
15、ou ever read Shakespeare? Do you like Dickens? 16) The crown has lost much of its ancient power. 17) Please drink a cup of Longjing.,synecdoche,A,is part of,B,synecdoche,bread 1. 面包2.食物 He is the bread-earner of our home.,1) He employs forty hands. 2) Great minds think alike. 3) There is not a soul
16、in the classroom. 4) Two heads are better than one. 5) There were several big names at the party.,synecdoche,6) I learned it through the lips of my friend. 7) He has a fleet of fifty sails. 8) He has passed fifty winters. 9) England beat Australia.,synecdoche,analogy,A,is the imitation of,B,analogy,
17、1. A. M. is to before noon as _is to afternoon. 2. Three is to triangle as _ is to octagon. 3. Tear is to _ as see is to saw. 4. Oink is to pig as cluck is to _. 5. Clock is to time as _ is to temperature. 6. Bird is to wings as fish is to _.,P. M.,eight,tore,chicken,thermometer,fins,analogy,7. Tenn
18、is is to racket as baseball is to _. 8. Braces are to teeth as contact lenses are to _. 9. Scissors is to _ as pen is to write. 10. Hammer is to nail as _ is to screw. 11. Scarf is to neck as _ is to finger. 12. _ is to pig as neigh is to horse.,bat,eyes,cut,screwdriver,ring,Oink,analogy,white-colla
19、r workers blue-collar workers gray-collar workers golden-collar workers pink-collar workers,analogy,first lady first family landscape moonscape,analogy,marathon talkthon black list grey list,analogy,the three Rs (reading, writing, arithmetic)the three Ps (peace, petroleum, Palestine) the three Is (i
20、nflation, interest rate, impeachment),analogy,seafaring spacefaring earthquake starquake,analogy,missile gap production gap development gap generation gap,analogy,hot line cold line flash-back flash-forward,What is logical motivation?,3. Logical motivation,Remember the definition!,Logical motivation
21、 deals with the defining of a concept by means of logic.,3. Logical motivation,A definition has two forms.,1. This means such and such. eg. Fat means having much flesh.,2. This is equivalent to that. eg. Fat is the same as obese.,3. Logical motivation,A definition has two parts.,the definiendum(the
22、word being defined),the definiens (the definition that is being made),3. Logical motivation,Giving a definition involves two steps.,1. identify the concept of a genus,2. identify the attributes distinguishing one species from other species in the same genus,3. Logical motivation,genus,species,specie
23、s,species,3. Logical motivation,crisis,political crisis,economic crisis,spiritual crisis,3. Logical motivation,Identity crisis means the new crisis gripping the minds of part of the American youth who felt disturbance and anxiety about their personality development and adjustment in 1950s.,3. Logica
24、l motivation,A,复合词由属差加种概念构成 shuttle diplomacy pingpong diplomacy,3. Logical motivation,B,由复合词通过属差或 种概念的节略变成单词 return ticket return birth control pill pill water main main,The motivation can be lost. Why?,II. Loss of motivation,Two factors: a change in the morphological structure of a word.the changi
25、ng of meaning,Loss of motivation,half + weard lord monan + daeg Monday result 跳回 结果 bead 祷告 瞄准,III. Motivation and culture background,Odyssey quixotic philippic Faustian Frankenstein,III. Motivation and culture background,odysseyAfter the Odyssey a Homeric epic recounting the wanderings of Odysseus
26、after the fall of Troy 源自 Odyssey ，荷马史诗中记述了奥德修斯在特洛伊失败后的漂泊生活 An extended adventurous voyage or trip.冒险旅行： An intellectual or spiritual quest:长程探索an odyssey of discovery.对发现的探索,III. Motivation and culture background,quixotic after Don Quixote , hero of a romance by Miguel de Cervantes 源自 Don Quixote 米
27、古尔德塞万提斯所描绘的浪漫英雄 adj. Caught up in the romance of noble deeds and the pursuit of unreachable goals; idealistic without regard to practicality.堂吉珂德式的“At worst his scruples must have been quixotic, not malicious”“从最坏的角度来说，他的疑虑肯定是出于一时冲动，而不含恶意”,III. Motivation and culture background,philippicAny of the o
28、rations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon in the fourth century b.c. 抨击腓利王演说：公元前 4世纪，德摩斯梯尼反对马其顿国王腓利二世的演说之一 n. A verbal denunciation characterized by harsh, often insulting language; a tirade.抨击性演说、痛斥：以尖锐的、常是侮辱性的语言为特征的口头上的公开指责；长篇的弹劾性演说,III. Motivation and culture background,Faustianafter Johan
29、n Faust (1480?-1540?), German magician and alchemist 源自约翰 福斯特 (1480?-1540?)，德国魔术师和炼丹术士 A magician and alchemist in German legend who sells his soul to the devil in exchange for power and knowledge. 浮士德：在德国传说中的一个魔术师和炼金术士，他将灵魂卖给魔鬼，以换取力量和知识,III. Motivation and culture background,FrankensteinFrom Franke
30、nstein , the creator of the artificial monster in Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 源自 Frankenstein，弗兰肯斯泰因 中的一个人造怪物，由玛丽沃斯通克拉夫特雪莱所著 n. An agency or a creation that slips from the control of and ultimately destroys its creator.弗兰肯斯泰因：脱离了创造者的控制并最终毁灭创造者的媒介或作品 A monster having the appearance of
31、 a man.人形的怪物,III. Motivation and culture background,Ishmael In the Old Testament, the son of Abraham who was cast out after the birth of Isaac. He is traditionally considered to be the forebear of the Arabs. 以实玛利：旧约中亚伯拉罕之子，在以撒出生后被弃。他传统上被认为是阿拉伯人的祖先 n. An outcast. 被社会抛弃的人,III. Motivation and culture b
32、ackground,Babbitt After George F. Babbitt , the main character in the novel Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis 源自乔治F. Babbitt ，辛克莱刘易斯所著小说中的主要人物 巴比特 by Sinclair Lewis n. A member of the middle class whose attachment to its business and social ideals is such as to make that person a model of narrow-mindedness
33、and self-satisfaction. 巴比特式的人物：中产阶级成员，对自己的职责和社会理想过于依恋而使之成为思想狭窄和自满的典型,III. Motivation and culture background,bowdlerizeAfter Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825), who published an expurgated edition of Shakespeare in 1818 源自托马斯 鲍勒 （1754-1825年），他于1818年出版了莎士比亚修订本 v.tr. To expurgate (a book, for example) prudishl
34、y.删节：谦逊地删节（如一本书） To modify, as by shortening or simplifying or by skewing the content in a certain manner. 通过删节曲解：修改、缩短或简化或以一定方式歪曲一本书的内容,III. Motivation and culture background,Comstochery Bowdlerism, named after Dr. Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825), has been around longer than Comstockery, named for Antho
35、ny Comstock (1844-1915). All Bowdler did to enter the world of common nouns was to expurgate Shakespeare, the Bible, and Gibbons History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 以汤姆斯鲍德勒博士(1754-1825年）的名字命名的鲍德勒主义，存在时间要比以安东尼康斯托克(1844-1915年）命名的康斯托克主义长一些。鲍德勒所做的只是删节莎士比亚作品、圣经 和吉伯恩的罗马帝国的衰落与灭亡 就使其名字成为一个通
36、用名词了。,III. Motivation and culture background,Comstochery On the other hand, Comstock, the organizer and secretary of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, helped destroy 160 tons of literature and pictures that he deemed immoral. Comstockery, the word honoring his achievements, is first
37、recorded in 1905 in a letter by George Bernard Shaw to the New York Times: 而另一方面，作为纽约反暴力社会党的组织者和秘书长，康斯托克协助销毁了160吨他认为不道德的作品与图片。Comstockery ，这一为了表彰他的成绩的词最初是出现于1905年乔治伯那德修在写给 纽约时报的信中：,III. Motivation and culture background,Comstochery “Comstockery is the worlds standing Joke at the expense of the Unite
38、d States. . . . It confirms the deep-seated conviction of the Old World that America is a provincial place, a second rate country-town civilization after all.” “Comstockery 一词是世界对美国的嘲笑它证实了在东半球中根深蒂固的观念，那就是美国是个粗鄙的地方，充其量只能算是一个二流的乡村文明”,III. Motivation and culture background,PinchbeckAfter Christopher Pi
39、nchbeck (1670?-1732), English watchmaker 源自克利斯朵夫 潘持别克 (1670？-1732年），英国制表匠 n. An alloy of zinc and copper used as imitation gold. 铜锌合金：作为仿金品使用的铜锌合金 A cheap imitation.赝品：廉价的仿制品 adj. Made of pinchbeck.铜锌合金制的,用金色铜所制的 Imitation; spurious.仿造的；廉价的,Exercises,1. Definition of motivation. 2. What are the thre
40、e types of motivation?,E. Identify the motivation of each of the following words under the headings (5%) a. primary onomatopoeia b. secondary onomatopoeia c. metaphor d. metonymye. synecdoche f. analogy g. logical motivation ( ) 26. Earthrise( ) 27. Bees buzz.( ) 28. The kettle boils.( ) 29. The you
41、ng trees were quivering in the cold wind.( ) 30. The ChannelKeys: 26. f 27. a 28. d 29. c 30. g,VI. Match the words and expressions in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column (10%) A. Match the scrambled clues with the terms given in the left-hand column: (5%) ( ) 66. Munchausen a.
42、wanted his pound of flesh as penalty interest on loan ( ) 67. Shylock b. worldly pseudo-pious hypocrite, supposed satirizing Jesuits( ) 68. Tartuffe c. long-winded self-appointed Nestorfull of wise saws ( ) 69. Polonius d. the fantastic, idealist hero by Cervantes( ) 70. Don Quixote e. fertile, resourceful and ingeniousliar on the grand scaleKeys: 66. e 67. a 68. b 69. C 70. d .,Homework,Exercises VII.,See you next week!,
