1、（定语从句）,Attributive Clause,1. He is a famous scientist. 2. Whos that girl in red？ 3. Ive read all the books that you lent me. 4. I have lost my pen, which I like very much.,定语从句的用处相当于修饰名词或代词的形容词，因此定语从句也被称为形容词从句。,定语从句,定语从句在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。被定语从句修饰的词叫作先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词的后面，由关系代词或关系副词引导。关系词充当从句
2、的成分。,The fish which we bought were not fresh.,先行词,( ),关系代词,conclusion,3. 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词 叫先行词。,2. 关系词：引出定语从句的词叫关系词。,定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的句子。用来做定语的句子叫定语从句。,一、定语从句的三个概念,二、关系词在从句中代替先行词1. 关系词本身没有词义，代替先行词的词义2. 必须充当定语从句中的一个成分3. 根据关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分将其分为关系代词和关系副词,引导词,关系代词：,关系副词:,that, which, who, whom, whose, as,
3、when, where, why,关系代词和关系副词的作用,指代作用,连接句子的作用,定语从句构成的步骤：,1、找到两个从句中相同的名词或代词。,2、按照句子的意义确定主句与从句。,3、把从句中与主句相同的名词或代词用适当的关系词取代，并去掉已经被取代的词。,4、把定语从句放到被修饰的名词或代词之后。,It is the house. The house was built by my father.,主句,从句,which/that,It is the house which/that was built by my father.,( ),It is the house. My fathe
4、r was born in the house.,It is the house _ my father was born.,where,I will never forget the day. I graduated on the day.,I will never forget the day _ I graduated.,I will never forget the day. I spent the day with you.,when,I will never forget the day _ I spent with you.,that,This is the reason. He
5、 told me the reason.,This is the reason _ he told me.,that,This is the reason. He was late for this reason.,This is the reason _ he was late.,why,Complete the sentences with suitable relatives.,1. I know the reason he came late. 2. This is the reason he told me. 3. Do you know the woman， son went to
6、 college last year？ 4. The house color is red is Johns. 5. This is the best film Ive ever seen.,why,which,whose,whose,that,6.That is the town he worked in 1987. 7.I still remember the town I visited last year. 8.Ill never forget the day I joined the League. 9.Ill never forget the day I spent in the
7、town. 10.The woman my brother spoke to just now is my teacher.,whom,which,when,(that/which),where,限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,1）限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语从句，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。起限定作用。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切, 用时不可用逗号分开。,The accident happened on the day when I lost my job.,I spent a whole holiday with John, who was very frie
8、ndly and helpful.,2) 非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的补充说明， 如果去掉， 主句的意思仍然很清楚。 这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用 that 引导。,关系代词的用法：1. that 和 which (1) that , which 都可以指物. _ 还可以指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作_ 时可以省略。,that,宾语,The book _ I bought yesterday is interesting.,(which/that ),只用 that 的情况:,2.先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时,3.先行词被the only, t
9、he very, the right 修饰时,4.先行词既包括人又包括物时,1. 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。,5. 当主句是以which或who开头的疑问句时,用 which 的情况：,1.用于非限制性定语从句中 2.用于介词后,I have rent a house , which is very big. I want to rent a house which/th
10、at is very big.,The chair on which he is sitting is made of plastics. The chair (which/that) he is sitting on is made of plastics.,True or false All which you need to do is to press the button .I have read all the books that you gave me. 3. This is the best novel that I have read. 4. This is the ver
11、y book which I want to look for.,that,that,5. The last place that we visited was the chemical works. 6. They talked about the teachers and schools which they had visited.,that,7. Tom was late again, which made the teacher angry.,2. who 和 whom,who指人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。,(2) whom指人，是宾格，在定语从句中只能作宾
12、语，可省略。,(3) who不可以用在介词后,而whom可以。,The woman to _ my mum is talking isour English teacher.,whom,The man _ is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.,who,Do you know the man _I talked to just now?,who/whom/that/-,Do you know the man to_I talked just now?,whom,The number of people _lost homes reache
13、d as many as 250,000.,who/that,3. whose的用法,(1) whose 即可以指人, 也可以指物，后接名词，在定语从句中作定语。,The man whose daughter was admitted to the key university was so happy.,The bike whose brake was damaged has been repaired.,The book whose cover is blue is mine.,The book the cover of which is blue is mine.,The book of
14、 which the cover is blue is mine.,(2) whose+n.通常可与the n. +of which/ whom或of which/whom + the + n. 互换。,The classroom will soon be repaired. Its door is broken.,The classroom whose door is broken will be repaired soon.,The classroom, the door of which is broken, will be repaired soon.,( ),( ),( ),4. a
15、s 的用法,as 在定语从句中作主语，宾语或表语。 一般用在 the sameas ，as many (much)as 或suchas结构中。,Such teachers as he know are all kind to him. I want to buy the same pen as you are using. Dont buy such books as will do you harm.,(1) 意思不同。as 表示“正如那样”, which 表示“ 这一点” “这件事”。,(2) as 所引导的从句可放在主句前或主句后；而which所引导的从句只可放在主句后。,(3) as所
16、引导的从句中，动词常用know, see, expect, point out, say, tell, report等。,5. as 和 which 都可以引导非限定性定语从句，指代主句一句话的内容，这时它们的区别是:,_ we know, China is a developing country. _ is known, China is a developing country. His dog died, _ made him unhappy.,As,As,which,as与which 的使用：,He was late again. It made the teacher very u
17、nhappy.,It is known to all of us. He will come to the party.,He was late again, which made the teacher very unhappy.,As is known to all of us, he will come to the party.,as 一般用于句首、句中或句尾皆可，并常用于as is said/ known/ believed/ mentioned等被动结构中。而which一般只用于主句之后。,代替整个句子的用法,1. _ is known to all, China will be
18、an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time. A. What B. That C. As D. It 2. Is this book _ you want to borrow from the library? A. that B. which C. the one D. / 3. Such a book _ you showed me is difficult to understand. A. that B. which C. as D. like,C,C,C,4. The speaker spoke of some wr
19、iters and some books were popular then. A. / B. that C. which D. who 5. This is the store we visited the famous shop assistants. A. where B. there C. that D. which,B,A,II. 关系副词when, where, why的用法,(1)when指时间，在从句中作时间状语。,(2)where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。,(3)why的先行词只有reason，why在从句中作原因状语。,关系副词通常可以用介词 + 关系代词代替,1. I
20、will never forget the day when I reached here.,2.This is the school where I used to teach.,at which,on which,(2)像listen to, look at, depend on，pay attention to, take care of, look after, look for 等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。 This is the boy whom she has taken care of.,(1)“介词关系代词”是一种常用的定语从句引导法。关系代词只可用
21、whom或 which，不可用 that/ who。,在介词关系代词引导的定语从句中，介词的选用与前面的先行词或它后面的从句中的谓语动词的搭配有关,This is the teacher _ _ we have learnt a lot.,from whom,Yesterday I bought a book _ _ there are many pictures.,in which,The girl _ _ I said hello is our monitor.,to whom,The school is very famous. He once studied in it.,The sc
22、hool in which he once studied is very famous.,Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine . He asked for the magazine last week.,Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine which you asked for.,He is the right boy. I want to play tennis with him tomorrow.,He is the right boy with whom I want to play tennis tomorr
23、ow.,=where,The school _ he once studied in is very famous.,(that/which),III 使用定语从句时应注意的问题,1. 在定语从句中，关系代词和关系副词必须充当句子成分。,2. 关系代词的人称，性，数要和先行词保持一致，在从句中作主语时，注意其后的谓语动词与先行词保持一致。,I, who am a student, study very hard.,He is one of the students who believe it. He is the only one of the students who believes i
24、t.,4.the way （方式，方法）作先行词时，关系代词用 that / in which / 不填。,3.在限定性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可以省略；但在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。,This is the way that she teaches us.,This is the way in which she teaches us.,This is the way she teaches us.,Exercises: The man _ you met yesterday is a friend of mine. 2. Did you see the letter _
25、was put on your table ? 3. Here comes the man _ English is excellent. 4. That is the day _ I was born.,(whom/who/that),which/that,whose,when/on which,5. I dont know the reason _ he was late. 6. Who is the girl _ is standing at the door ? 7. That is the book _ the cover is blue. 8. He was proud, _ I
26、dislike very much.,why/for which,that,of which,which,II. Choose the best answers She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth. (NMET91)A. it B. which C. this D. that 2. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.(92)A.that B.who C. from whom D. to who
27、m,B,D,3. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expected. (NMET94)A.what B.which C.that D.it 4. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. (NMET96)A. where B.which C.that D.when,B,A,5. Carol said the work would be done by Oc
28、tober,_ personally I doubt very much. (NMET1999)A.it B.that C.when D.which 6. This is the way _ I am thinking of to do it. A.how B.with which C.by which D.,D,D,7. He invited ten friends to his home ; _ are foreigners.A. six of whom B. the six of whom C. six of them D. the six of them 8. He invited t
29、en friends to his home , _ are foreigners.A. six of whom B. the six of whom C. six of them D. the six of them,C,A,9. My hometown is not the same _ it used to be ten years ago.A.like B.as C.that D.which 10. Is this the factory _ you work?A.which B.in that C.where D.what 11. Is this the factory _ you
30、visited? A.which B.in that C.where D.what,B,C,A,12. Is this museum _ you visited last week? / B.which C.the one D.where 13. Is this the museum _ you visited last week? / B.what C.the one D.where,C,A,14. _ is known to all, Taiwan is part of China. A. As B. Which C. That D. It 15. _ is known to all th
31、at Taiwan is part of China. A.As B.Which C.That D.It 16.All_ is needed is a supply of oil. A.which B.that C.what D. /,A,D,B,17. They both talked happily about the men and books _ interested them in the school. A.which B.who C.when D.that 18. I dont like the way _ you talked to her. A. which B. in that C. / D. by which,D,C,
