1、非 谓 语 动 词( Non-finites)授课教师：刘桂章,Contents,引言：非谓语动词学习的意义 第一节 动词不定式 第二节 动词-ing形式 第三节 过去分词,引言：非谓语动词学习的意义 （significance）,1.单项填空的需要。 2009年北京高考卷 第24、28、34题。,24. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _on his own farm.A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow,答案为： A,28. All of them try
2、to use the power of the workstation _ information in a more effective way. A. presenting B. presented C. being presented D. to present 34. _ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten,答案为： 28.D 34.B,2.阅读理解的需
3、要。2009北京卷 阅读E(完整文见word) Camping is about having relaxaton, sleeping outdoors, experiencing bad weathers, and making do without modern conveniences. A busy, fully-equipped campsite(野营地）seems to go against this, ,3.书面表达的需要。2009北京卷 书面表达 一.情景作文 （参考答案）.In the morning, we bicycled to the suburbs to plant
4、trees, talking and laughing all the time. .After getting the work done, we put up a board reminding people to protect the trees. Before leaving we took some photos to record our green action. Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. We feel its our duty to protect and beautify o
5、ur environment.,GREEN ACTION IN OUR CLASS,非谓语动词的种类及所作成份,第一节 动词不定式,动词不定式由to+动词原形构成，如to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语。 eg. Xiao Shenyang decided to train hard. Yao Ming decided to play basketball.,一.动词不定式的基本用法1.动词不定式在句子中作主语 例句：To help each other is good. =It is good
6、 to help each other.2. 动词不定式在句子中作表语 eg. 1)Mum said to Dad and me, “Honey, your task is to clean the window; Kathy, your task is to sweep the floor; while Ill have a good rest.”,3. 动词不定式在句子中作宾语 (1)作及物动词的宾语，eg：She wishes to be a musician. (2)作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式作宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, de
7、termined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等， eg：I am determined to give up smoking. (3)动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语， eg：Can you give us some advice on what to do next?,4. 动词不定式在句子中作宾语补足语 eg：Tell the children not to play basket-ball in the washing-room.(children 为宾语， to play basket-ball
8、 in the washing-room作宾补),注：如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to 省去。但当这些谓语动词使用被动语态时， 其后面的动词不定式不能省略“to”.eg.I saw a little girl run across the street. (run前面的to 被省略。) eg.Yang Bailao was made to sell XiE.,5. 动词不定式作定语 eg. Is this the best way to help Obama?作定语用的动词不定式如果是不及
9、物动词， 不定式后面就要用必要的介词， eg：Duan Yu is not a man to depend on. 6. 动词不定式作状语 (1) 目的状语 eg：Every morning Li Yue gets up very early to read English. (2).结果状语 eg：Shi Guangrong lived to see the liberation of his hometown.石光荣活到亲眼见到了他的家乡的解放。,二. 疑问词+动词不定式 疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语用。 例句：How to prevent
10、children from swimming in this river is a problem.,三动词不定式的否定式 动词不定式的否定式是由not+动词不定式构成。 eg. Its wrong of you not to dance with Erleng.,四动词不定式的时式和语态的形式变化,1一般式的主动式 主语发出谓语动词和动词不定式的动作。一般式所表示的动作是和主动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生， eg.We decided to plant more trees this spring. 2一般式的被动式 主语是动词不定式动作的承受者。
11、 eg.To be beaten by two little girls after school, ONeal trembled in the classroom.（ ONeal是动词不定式动作 to beat 的承受者）,3完成式的主动式 主语发出谓语动词和动词不定式的动作。动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所 表示的动作之前。 例句：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.4完成式的被动式 主语是动词不定式动作的承受者，且动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 例句：Da Jun felt ashamed to have be
12、en beaten by two little girls.（发生在谓语动词felt ashamed之前。 Da Jun 承受beat 这个动作。）,5进行式的主动式 主语发出谓语动词和动词不定式的动作。动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。Mike pretended to be writing his homework when his father came into his room.,Practice 用所给动词不定式的的适当形式填空,1. His wish is _（become) a professor. 2. She felt ashame
13、d _ (do) such a thing. 3. Da Jun felt ashamed _(beat) by two little girls. 4.Lisa is poor, and only have a little room _(live in). 5.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _(rest) on a big rock by the side of the path.,6.Feng Xiaogang seemed _ (hear) about the news already. 7. Tom kept quiet ab
14、out the accident _ (not lose) his job. 8.The next morning she found the man _(lie) in bed, dead. 9. Mr. Smith is a respectable scientist. He hates _(laugh at). 10. The doctor said that Marys mother had to _ (operate on) at once.,答案 1.to become 2.to have done 3.to have been beaten 4.to live in 5. to
15、rest to have heard so as not to lying to be laughed at 10. be operated on,动词的-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。一-ing形式的基本用法 1-ing形式作主语 eg:Driving a car at 10km/h is exciting for Li Jing. =It is exciting for Li Jing driving a car at 10 km/h.,第二节 动词-ing形式,2-ing形式作表语 eg： Mr. Lius job is teaching
16、English. The speed of the horses was amazing. 注：v-ing作表语有别现在进行时。My mother is washing clothes now.（现在进行时）主语my mother 发出动作wash。而上面两句主语不是动作 washing, collecting的执行者。,3-ing形式作宾语 (1) 作及物动词的宾语 eg：She likes dancing cha-cha very much. (2) 作介词的宾语 Eg.Mary is thinking of going back to New York. (3) 作形容词worth, b
17、usy等的宾语 eg：This book is well worth reading.,4-ing形式作定语 eg. The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate?,5作宾语补足语 -ing形式作宾语补足语 eg：* We saw Cuihua talking excitedly with Shage.,注：当-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel,
18、 find, have, keep等。,6-ing形式作状语 (1) ing形式作时间状语eg. Seeing Hou Yaohua, I couldnt help thinking of Hou Yaowen. (2) ing形式作原因状语eg. Being a League member, you must always think of others. (3) 方式或伴随状语eg. Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.,二、动名词和现在分词的区别动词的-ing 形式包括两种，即动名词和现在分词。虽统称动词的-ing形式， 但动名
19、词和现在分词在用法上是有区别的。,（此部分请选用）,1作表语的区别现在分词做表语时保持它的形容词特征， 动名词做表语时保持它的名词特征。 动名词作表语时一般表示比较抽象的习惯性动作，常可与主语互换位置，现在分词则不行。eg.*The novel is interesting. (现在分词) *The news sounds encouraging.My job is teaching English. (动名词)= Teaching English is my job.One of his bad habits is speaking bad language.= Speaking bad l
20、anguage is one of his bad habit.,2. 做定语的区别现在分词做定语往往表示(1).它所修饰的词所做的动作, 即逻辑主语是它所修饰的词。(2)它所修饰的名词 “令人”; 动名词做定语表示所修饰词的用途，一般只以单个的形式而不能以短语的形式作定语，它的位置只能放在它所修饰词的前面。(现在分词) eg. a swimming boy; three dancing girls tiring music ; a disappointing boy (动名词) * His teaching method is praised by Zhao Benshan *a sleep
21、ing car; a swimming pool,三-ing的形式 V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现以及物动词make为例.,1-ing一般式的被动语态基本用法V-ing一般式的被动语态所表示的动作，是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。作定语时，被其修饰的名词则为其动作的承受者；作状语时，句中的主语则为其动作的承受者。 eg. The truck being repaired there is ours. （作定语,truck 是repair的承
22、受者）Being criticized by the teacher, liu Xing cried to tears. （状语， Liu Xing是criticize的承受者）,2V-ing完成式的主动语态基本用法V-ing完成式的主动语态所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如： eg. Having played football 2 hours, C.Ronaldo became tired. 3V-ing完成式的被动语态基本用法V-ing完成式的被动语态所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动
23、作之前，句中的主语是该动作的承受者，在句中一般作状语用。 eg. Having been praised a second time, I decided to make still greater progress.,四V-ing形式的复合结构 在V-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成V-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为V-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语、或表语。 eg. Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. Do you mind my using your telep
24、hone? 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如： eg. *Would you mind my (or me) using your telephone?*She insisted on Peters(or Peter) going there first.,2下列动词只能用V-ing或动词不定式作宾语。 1）某些动词只能用V-ing作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward
25、 to, excuse/pardon admit, delay/put off, fancy (设想；猜测).avoid, miss keep/keep on, practicedeny, finish, enjoy/appreciateforbid, imagine, riskcant help, mind, allow/permit, escape,*It is no use/good 等动词词组也要用V-ing作宾语。,2）某些动词只能用不定式作宾语 在下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。 decide/deter
26、mine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend. offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, helpeg：She pretended not to see me when I passed by. （1989全国),3）某些动词或词组既可以跟v-ing作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别。forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事 remember to do sth. 记住去做某事doing sth. 记得
27、曾经做过某事 regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事doing sth. 后悔做过某事,stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事doing sth. 停止做某事 try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事doing sth. 尝试着做某事 mean to do sth. 打算/企图做某事doing sth. 意味着做某事 go on to do sth. （做完某事）接着做另一件事doing sth. 继续做同一件事 cant help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事,Practice 用V-ing的适当形式填空,1.O
28、nly one of these books is worth_ (read). (NMET 86) 2. It is no good _(smoke). You should give it up . 3. -Who were those people with red flags?-A group _(call) itself the League for peace? 4. _(walk) along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her. 5. _(You smoke and drink) too muc
29、h will do harm to your health.,6._ (criticize) by the teacher, liu Xing cried to tears. 7.-Look, some farmers are building a new house near the highway.-The house _is mine. Isnt it beautiful? 8._(suffer) from such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (NMET 2001) 9.
30、_ (defeat) in the football match, the team members looked disappointed. 10. The squirrels was lucky that it just missed _(catch). (1987全国，8),Key,reading smokingcalling walking your smoking and drinkingbeing criticizedbeing built having suffered having been defeatedbeing caught,第三节 过去分词一过去分词的基本用法过去分词
31、只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作，过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分用时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者.,1作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于修饰的名词之后，被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语， 如：a broken heart 一颗破碎了的心 an excited girl 一个激动的女孩2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，eg：The glass is broken 这个玻璃杯是破的。,注：过去
32、分词作表语时，和动词的被动语语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同 eg： The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。,3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语， eg：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.,4）作状语：过去分词作状语时，句中的主语就是其逻辑主语， eg：Led by the Party, we are marching from victory to victory。,第四节 学习成果
33、检验第一部分 基础题,1.His wish is _ a professor.A. becoming B. become C. to become D. to have become 2. _computer games is interesting for Peter.A. Playing B. To play C. Having played D. Having been played 3. _more attention, the tree could have grown better.A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given,1-3C
34、AA,4. He sat there, _ a novel.A. read B. reading C. reads D. had read 5. When a mans heart stops _, he died.A. to beat B. beating C. beat D. beaten 6. Most of people _to her birthday were her old friends.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 7.The next morning she found the man _in be
35、d, dead.A. laying B. lie C. lay D. lying,4-7 BBAA,8. _, he can quickly find out what is wrong with a television set and repair it. A. Being trained B. To be trained C. Having been well trained D. He has been well trained 9. This is the best play _ next year.A. to be performed B. to perform C. perfor
36、ming D. having performed 10. _ my homework, I went home.A. Having finished B. Finished C. Being finished D. Finish,8-10 CAA,第二部分 挑战高考,1、They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. Agrow Bgrew Cwas growing Dto grow 2、Only one of these books is _. A. worth to read Bworth being read
37、 Cworth of readin Dworth reading 3、The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _ . Acatching Bto be caught Cbeing caught Dto catch,1-3 ADC,4、She didnt remember _ him before. Ahaving met Bhave met Cto meet Dto having met 5、Good morning. Can I help you? Id like to have this package _, madam. Abe weighe
38、d Bto be weighed Cto weigh Dweighed 6、There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. Afollowed Bfollowing Cto be followed Dbeing followed,4-6 ADB,7、The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind. Abeing tied Bhaving tied Cto be tied Dtied 8、On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, _ some bananas and visited her cousin. Abought Bbuying Cto buy DBuy,7-8 DA,更多“非谓语动词”单项选择试题见3.3号word 文档,Learn Non-finites well, and you will get a high score.,多种练习见高三总复习指导P44-50,
