1、wellcome,概述 句子根据功能划分可分为四种基本句式： 陈述句； 疑问句； 祈使句； 感叹句。,2,陈述事实或看法的句子称为陈述句。 陈述句又可分为肯定句和否定句，分别陈述肯定和否定的事实或看法。,3,Part 1: 陈述句,肯定句,陈述句在肯定事实时采用不同程度的肯定口气。人们在肯定某项事实时往往采用一些委婉的词语，使说话人的态度更有礼貌。,4,否定句,否定陈述句主要用来表示否定意向或提出对比，分为带否定词not的否定句和带其他否定词的否定句。,5,否定句的构成,1、在功能词后加否定词not： 这样的功能词有：be (is, am, are, was, were), have (has
2、, had), do (does, did), shall (should), will (would), can (could), may (might), must, ought, need, dare等。I have not / havent said such foolish words before. He does not / doesnt mean to hurt your feeling.,6,否定句的构成,2、若谓语动词中原无功能词，则加特殊功能词do, does, did。This material conducts electricity. This material d
3、oes not conduct electricity.She went there to see him very often. She did not go there to see him very often.,7,EXERCISE:将肯定陈述句变为否定陈述句,1.Some of us have finished it already.,2.I told somebody something.,3.I can understand both of these two questions.,4.There is someone doing research in this field.,
4、5.I have quite a lot to do in the morning.,Some of us have not finished it yet.,I didnt tell anybody anything.,I cannot understand either of these two questions,There isnt anybody doing research in this field.,I never have much to do in the morning.,疑问句是指提出问题，请对方回答的句子。疑问句句末要用问号。按结构可分为四种：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、
5、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。,9,Part 2: 疑问句,一般疑问句,一般疑问句是用yes或no回答的问句，故也可称为“yes-no” 疑问句（是否型疑问句）。一般疑问句句末用升调或降升调，答话者用功能词简略回答。,10,一般疑问句的构成,谓语动词中原来有功能词时将功能词移至句首； 原来无功能词时，则在句首加特殊功能词do, does, did。,11,Note：,在把肯定句改成一般疑问句的时候, 要注意句中是否有already、some、something、somebody等词，如果有某些情况下也必须进行改变：already要改成yet； some、something、somebody等分别改成
6、any、anything、anybody等。There is some water on the playground. Is there any water on the playground?,12,Note：,一般情况下,一般疑问句肯定句中用some,否定和疑问句中用any.Id been expecting some letters the whole morning, but there werent any for me. Do you have any friends at school?但在一些疑问句中表示很委婉的请求，建议，或者如果问句是希望得到肯定回答，或邀请别人吃东西，则
7、用some,不用any。 Would you like some apples? Would you like some milk?Can I ask you some questions?,13,Note:,用 may 引导的问句，肯定回答用may，否定回答用 cant 或mustnt; 用 must 引导的问句，肯定回答用 must，否定回答用neednt. May I go to the park now? Yes, you may. / No, you mustnt. Must I wash my clothes now? Yes, you must. / No, you neednt
8、.,14,Exercises:,将下列陈述句变成一般疑问句： 1. She wore a long white dress on her birthday party last year. Did she wear a long white dress on her birthday party last year?2. Somebody has already taken the rubbish away from the classroom. Has anybody taken the rubbish away from the classroom yet?3. They will do
9、something special to make the musical evening more successful. Will they do anything special to make the musical evening more successful?,15,特殊疑问句,特殊疑问句是用特殊疑问词就句中某一部分提问的问句，句末用降调或低升调，答问者针对特殊疑问词回答。特殊疑问句也可称为“wh”-questions，因为它们多数都以who，whom，whose，what，which，where， when，how，why等这类词开头。,16,特殊疑问词,分为两类：疑问代词和疑
10、问副词。疑问代词： who (谁，作主语) whom (谁，作宾语) whose (谁的) what (什么) which (哪个) 疑问副词： when (何时) how(怎样，如何) why (为什么) where (哪里),17,特殊疑问词,其他： How old: 多大,询问年龄 How much/many: 多少, 询问数量 How far: 多远, 询问距离 How long: 多长、多久, 询问时间的长度或距离 How often: 多长时间一次, 询问频率 How soon: 多久, 询问时间,18,特殊疑问句的结构一般为： 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句； 即：特殊疑问词+be/助动
11、词/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语+(其他),19,特殊疑问句的结构,特殊疑问词对主语及其定语提问时用陈述语序。Tom is in the room. Who is in the room？This girl will be in the sports meeting. Which girl will be in the sports meeting？ The computer is in the teachers room. What is in the teachers room？,20,特殊疑问句的语序,特殊疑问词对其他成分提问时用倒装语序。 即：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句【特殊疑问词+be/助
12、动词/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语（+其他）】 I can see a dog in the picture.What can you see in the picture？She will return at ten oclock. When will she return？ He comes from China. Where does he come from？,21,特殊疑问句的语序,回答特殊疑问句时，不能用 yes no，即问什么答什么，尤其是简略回答。在回答时，可以用一个词或词组，也可以用一个较为完整的句子。 Who has borrowed my bike？ - Jack. - J
13、ack has borrowed your bike. Where is he？ - At the office. - He is at the office.,22,特殊疑问句的回答,对画线部分进行提问:1 They bought a new bike yesterday.2 She is a nurse .3 I am looking for my sister .4 I get up at six . 5 I am from Hubei .6 I went to school late because I got up late.7. I am getting on well with
14、it.8. I wash it twice a week .9. He will be back in four days . 10. I didnt come to class yesterday because I was ill .,23,Exercises:,What did they buy yesterday？,What is she？,Who is she?,When do you get up?,Where are you from?,Why are you late?,How are you getting on with it?,How often do you wash
15、it?,How soon will he be back?,Why didnt you come to class yesterday?,Exercises:,1. - Excuse me _ is the nearest bookshop ?- Go down the street and turn left at the second corner? A. how B. what C. where D. who 2. - _ is a ticker for the film Hacker He?- About forty Yuan . A. How old B. How many C. H
16、ow much D. How often 3. - _ are you going? Im going to the library.A. Who B. Which C. What D. Where 4. Its a nice car. _ have you been in it? - Just to Shanghai.A. How much B. How soon C. How long D. How far 5. _? Its eight.A. What day is it B. Whats five and three C. How old are you D. Whats your t
17、elephone number 6. _? Ive got a headache and a cough.A. Whats your trouble B. Whats wrong with it C. Can I help you D. How are you,24,C,C,D,D,B,A,反意疑问句,反意疑问句是在句子后附加一简短的一般疑问句构成的问句，用以要求对方判断或证实所陈述之事。因此，反意疑问句又称附加疑问句，常用于口语。反意疑问句句末用升调时，表示说话者对所说内容把握不大，希望对方做出判断；句末用降调时，表示说话者对所说内容有一定的把握，仅希望对方加以证实。答话者用功能词简略回答。
18、,25,反意疑问句由两部分组成，前一部分是陈述句，后一部分是附加的一简短问句，中间用逗号隔开。反意疑问句一般前后两部分意思相反，如果陈述句是肯定句式，附加问句用否定句式；如果陈述句是否定式，附加问句用肯定句式（前肯后否，前否后肯）。反意疑问句附加问句一般为“be动词（助动词、情态动词）+代词”构成。,26,反意疑问句,陈述句 + 一般疑问句：如句中有功能词，后部分为：功能词（同前面部分谓语动词中者）+ 人称代词（代替前面主语）。The foreigner can understand what you mean, cant he?The foreigner cant understand wh
19、at you mean, can he?,27,反意疑问句的几种类型,陈述句 + 一般疑问句：如句子谓语动词中无功能词，后部分则为：用特殊功能词do, does, did（视人称和时态而定）+ 人称代词（代替前面主语）。The woman often offers help to them, doesnt she? The woman never offers help to them, does she?,28,反意疑问句的几种类型,Note:,句中有hardly，seldom，rarely，no，nothing，never，little，few，nobody，nowhere，barely，
20、neither，tooto等表示否定意义的词时也是否定句，反意部分要用肯定式。 You will never forget it, will you？ They hardly knew anything about it, did they? There is nothing on the table，is there？ She has few friends，does she？,29,Note:,如果陈述句中的否定式仅带有否定词缀（前缀或后缀），则将其看成肯定句，反意问句一般仍用否定式。He is unfit for his job，isnt he？ 他并不适合他的工作，是吗？ Thats
21、unfair，isnt it？ 那是不公平的，对吗？,30,反意疑问句的回答,反意疑问句的答语应根据实际情况确定：内容是肯定的，就用yes, 内容是否定的，则用no。但是要注意时态及代词的呼应。 She is your teacher, isnt she？ Yes, she is. 是的，她是。 No, she isnt. 不，她不是。Li lei gets up at six in the morning, doesnt he？ Yes, he is. 是的，他是。 No, he isnt. 不，他不是。,31,反意疑问句的回答,当前面句子为否定时，要注意yes含义为“不”，no含义为“是”
22、。 She cant swim, can she ？她不会游泳，对吗？ Yes, she can. 不，她会。 No, she cant.是的，她不会。 She isnt your teacher, is she？ 她不是你的老师，对吧？ Yes, she is. 不，她是。 No, she isnt. 是的，她不是。,32,Exercises：,1. I dont think that the necklace is made of diamond, _? A. do I B. do you C. isnt it D. is it 2. His wife had the carpets an
23、d the curtains cleaned, _? A. hadnt B. had C. didnt she D. did she 3.Its my sons wedding next week, and I have to do my best for that,_? A. havent I B. dont I C. dont he D. isnt it 4.Harry wouldnt become a teacher if it hadnt been for the holiday, _? A. would he B. had it C. would it D. had he 5. No
24、 one left here yesterday,_? A. didnt they B. did they C. didnt one D. did one 6. Birds rarely build nests in our garden,_? A. dont they B. do they C. didnt they D. did they 7. You must have been to the Great Wall,_? A. mustnt you B. havent you C. arent you D. must you 8. learning how to repair motor
25、s takes a long time,_? A. doesnt it B. dont they C. does it D. do they 9.They must have stayed at home last night,_? A. mustnt they B. havent they C. didnt they D. must they 10.I feel like going to the cinema tonight,_? A. dont I B. dont you C. do I D. do you,33,D,C,B,A,B,B,B,A,C,D,选择疑问句,选择疑问句是问话者提供
26、两个或两个以上答案供对方择一回答的问句。供选择的最后一个答案用降调，其他答案用升调。选择疑问句一般提出两种或两种以上的可能，问对方选择哪一种。其结构可用一般疑问句，也可用特殊疑问句，供选择的两部分由or连接。,34,1、一般疑问句 + or + 一般疑问句（往往为省略形式）。择一回答。 - Is it still raining or has it shopped? - Its still raining.- Have you or your parents been there once? - My parents.- Are they reading，chatting or watchin
27、g television？ - Watching television.,35,选择疑问句的几种类型,选择疑问句的答语必须是完整的句子或其省略式（肯定的一般疑问句 + or not 或相应的否定式除外），不能用yes或no。Which would you like, tea or coffee? Coffee.Shall we watch TV or go to the concert？ Id prefer to go to the concert.,36,选择疑问句的答语,Exercise：,完成下列各句： 1. Did he use to be a common soldier or (军
28、官) before going to university? He used to be a common soldier. 2. Did they learn their French abroad or (在国内)? They learnt their French in France when they were working there. 3. Do you teach or (工作) in this college?- Neither. Im a student in this college. 4. Have you stayed in this hotel for long o
29、r (刚到)? - No, we havent. We have just arrived.,37,work,an officer,at home,not/havent you,Part 3: 祈使句,38,Turn left!,Guessing Game,Turn right!,Guessing Game,Walk on the zebra crossing!,Guessing Game,Guessing Game,Dont smoke! No smoking!,Guessing Game,Dont play football!,Guessing Game,Dont park your ca
30、r!,Guessing Game,Dont eat!,Guessing Game,Dont pick the flowers!,Go upstairs!,Guessing Game,Guessing Game,Go downstairs!,祈使句是表示命令、要求、请求等的句子，谓语动词用动词原形，句末用句号和感叹号，读降调。 可分为三种：第二人称祈使句、第一人称祈使句、第三人称祈使句, 通常有6种表现形式。,49,祈使句概述,祈使句六兄弟,大哥：V(动词原形)+宾语+其他成分 Close the window.二哥：B(be)+表语+其他成分 Be quiet！三哥：L(let)+宾语(第一、
31、三人称宾格)+代词原形+其他成分 Lets go home.,50,祈使句六兄弟,四哥：D(dont)+动词原形+其他成分 Dont be late.五哥：P(please)+动词短语，please也可放句尾，前面加逗号。 Please sit down！= Sit down, please.六弟：N(no)+名词或动名词 No photos! No smoking!,51,多用动词原形表示，主语一般不出现。 Put down your gun! Hands up! 放下枪，举起手来！有时，为了指明主语，或为了表示生气等语义，主语也可以表示出来，要重读。 You go to fetch som
32、e water, Jack, and you make a fire, Jim. 杰克，你去打水。吉姆， 你来生火 You mind your own business！ 你少管闲事！,52,第二人称祈使句,第二人称祈使句的否定式和强调式都是借助do构成。Dont forget to bring your son next time! Do remember this! Dont worry about! Do Stop talking!,53,第二人称祈使句,可采取以下手段来缓和第二人称祈使句的口气： 1、在句末读低升调。 Come over to my side, Jennie. 2、在句
33、首或句末加please. Please calm yourself! or Calm yourself, please. 3、在句末加will / would / can / could / wont / cant you? 以及why dont you? Give me a hand, can you / will you / would you / could you / cant you / wont you?,54,第二人称祈使句,结构为let+第三人称代词或名词； 否定式加dont构成。Let each man decide for himself！ 让每个人自己做决定！Dont l
34、et them leave the place at night. 别让他们夜里离开那个地方！,55,第三人称祈使句,结构为let me / us + 动词原形； 强调式借助do构成。 (Do) Let me take a breath. (Do) Let us help you somehow. (Do) Lets sing together!否定式通常是加not构成，口语中也可借助dont. Lets not quarrel about it any more. or Dont lets quarrel about it any more.,56,第一人称祈使句,Note:,带主语的第二、
35、三人称祈使句与陈述句的区别。祈使句呼语后是动词是原形！陈述句主语后一般不是！ Tom play on my side.汤姆，到我这边来玩吧（祈使句） Tom plays on my side.汤姆在我这边玩呢。（陈述句） Alice and Della stay at home. （主语，陈述句） Alice and Della, stay at home. （呼语，祈使句） You make no mistake. 你不要搞错！（主语重读，祈使句） You make(made) no mistake sometimes. （陈述句） 你有时没有搞错！,57,Note:,不要将let us和l
36、ets混淆： Let us不包括说话对方，译为“让我们”； 而Lets 包括说话对方，译为“咱们”。Let us have a look at it. 让我们看一眼吧。 Lets have a look at it. 咱们来看一眼吧。,58,祈使句用法秘笈,祈使句，无主语，只用谓语就可以。 表示请求或命令，加上please表客气。 Stand up, please! 请起立！ Come here. 来这里。 如果变成否定句，Dont 开头是规律。 No fishing! 是警示语。祈使句用法要牢记。,59,1. Jim, _ me a hand. A. gives B. is giving C
37、. will give D. give 2. _ careful, Jenny! There is a tree in front of you. A. Am B. / C. Be D. Was 3. Lets _ our time. A. not waste B. no wasting C. not to waste D. no waste 4. _ higher, and you will see the house.OK.A. If you stand B. To stand C. When you stand D. Stand,Exercises:,5. Please _ do it.
38、A. he B. let him C. let he D. him 6. _ let anyone open the door. A. Dont B. Will C. Not D. No 7. Dont be late again.Sorry, _.A. I may B. I must C. I will D. I wont 8. Call me when you get home.OK, _.A. I must B. I can C. I will D. I may,Exercises:,Part 4: 感叹句,62,The flowers are beautiful.How beautif
39、ul these flowers are!What beautiful flowers they are!,The cat is lovely.How lovely the cat is.What a lovely cat it is!,How delicious the cakes are!,What delicious cakes they are!,A. What a beautiful bird it is!,B. How beautiful this bird is!,A. How tall the man is!B. What a tall man (he is)!,感叹句是表示赞
40、叹、惊异、喜悦等感情的句子（常用省略形式）； 多由what, how引起，多用陈述语序，句末用感叹号。,68,感叹句概述,由what引导的感叹句,“what”意为“多么”，用作定语，修饰后面的名词（被强调部分，该名词前常有形容词修饰语） 单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an； 复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。,69,这类句子的结构形式是： What + (a/an) + adj. + n. + 主语 + 谓语 + (it is).What a clever girl she is! 多么聪明的姑娘呀！ What an interesting story it is! 多么有趣的故事呀！ Wh
41、at good children they are! 他们是多么好的孩子呀！ What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花呀！ What delicious food it is! 多么有味的食物呀！ What heavy snow it is! 多么大的雪呀！,70,由what引导的感叹句,由how引导的感叹句,“how“意为“多么“，用作状语，修饰形容词或副词（被强调部分）。 如果how修饰形容词，则句中的谓语动词用系动词； 如果how修饰副词，则句中的谓语动词用行为动词。,71,由how引导的感叹句,这类句子的结构形式是： How + adj.（adv.
42、）+ 主语 + 谓语 + (it is). How cold it is today! 今天多么冷呀！ How nice the pictures are! 多么漂亮的图画呀！ How happy they look! 他们显得多么高兴呀！ How well she sings! 她唱得多好呀！ How hard they are working now! 他们干得多么起劲呀！,72,What与how引导感叹句的区别,在感叹句的主语前若还有名词存在时，用What来引导；在感叹句的主语前若无名词时，则用How来引导。但在“How +形容词+ a / an +名词单数+主谓！”中不可用What，因
43、为此句中强调了形容词。 How naughty a boy your brother is!,73,习题精选：用What或How填空：1. a big tree it is! 2. big the tree is! 3. beautiful pictures! 4. beautiful the pictures are! 5. high the building is! 6. big eyes she has! 7. lovely the ice-cream is! 8. lovely ice-cream!,What,How,What,How,How,What,How,What,单项选择：1.
44、 _ a nice watch it is！A. How B. What C. What a D. How a 2. _ bright the lights they are!A. What B. What a C. How D. how a3. _ interesting the film is! A. What B. What an C. How 4. _ sunny day! Lets go out for a walk. A. How a B. How C. What a D. What 5. _ hard work it is! A. How B. What C. What a D.
45、 What an 6. _ day it is! Its rainy again. A. How bad B. What a bad C. How fine D. What a fine 7. beautiful flowers they are！A、How B、What C、How a D、What a 8. terrible weather it is！A、What B、What a C、How D、How a,B,C,C,C,B,B,B,A,单项选择： 9. _the moon cakes are！A、How delicious B、How a deliciousC、What delic
46、ious D、What a delicious 10. _thick ice！Would you like to go skating？A、What B、How C、What a D、How a 11. _ great day July 1,1997 will be! A. How a B. What a C. How D. What 12. _ expensive trousers! A. What B. What a C. How D. What an 13. _ useful work they have done! A. What B. How C. What a D. What an 14. _ nice picture you gave me!A. How B. What C. What a D. What an 15. _ careless he is! A. What B. How C. So much D. How much 16. _ girl she is! A. What bright a B. How a bright C. How bright a D. What bright,76,A,A,B,A,A,C,B,C,Thank you,
