1、表面与界面化学教学大纲教学内容1绪论表面与界面的概念；表面与界面化学的研究对象，发展简史；界面现象的实质分子间力2表面表面的理想结构：表面原子密度的概念和计算；单元网格的概念和画法，表面能：表面能的概念及其估算表面结构：表面弛豫与重建的概念和过程，表面状态的测试技术：低能电子衍射，俄歇电子能谱，能量损失谱气体在固体表面的吸附：基体、被吸附物、吸附、覆盖率以及暴露率的概念；物理吸附、化学吸附的定义、特征以及区别；吸附动力学；朗缪尔等温吸附公式的推导以及吸附焓的测定；Freundlich 等温吸附方程；BET 等温吸附公式的推导及应用；程控解吸附的概念及一阶和二阶解吸附的特征；卤素、氧、氮、CO、
2、氨的化学吸附特点。伍德标记法。表面反应：过渡态理论，反应选择性，LH 反应机理和 RE 反应机理，表面反应的研究方法TPRS。3固液界面润湿：接触角的概念；杨氏方程；润湿的种类及其过程实质和进行条件接触角的测定：停滴法和停泡法，倾斜板法，滴高法；粉末接触角的测定；影响接触角测定的因素；润湿的应用润湿剂，浮选，洗涤。固体表面对溶液中溶质的吸附：吸附的特点；等温吸附的类型；影响吸附的因素；溶液中吸附的应用固体表面修饰，溶液的净化，色谱分析。4气液界面表面自由能和表面张力：表面张力/表面自由能的概念；拉普拉斯公式；影响表面张力的因素。表面张力的测定：毛细管上升法，吊环法，吊片法，滴体积/滴重法，最大
3、气泡压力法，喷气震荡法。界面吸附：表面活性和表面活性剂的概念，界面吸附的特点，表面活性剂的分类，表面过剩的概念，Gibbs 方程及其应用，CMC 的概念，HLB 的概念，胶团的形成与结构性质，CMC 的测定方法，影响 CMC 的因素，加溶作用5 液液界面铺展系数：结合功，粘附功，铺展系数的定义和计算单分子膜：单分子膜的形成，表面压及其测定方法，单分子膜的形态，LB技术单分子膜的应用：分子量的测定，复杂分子结构测定，防止液体蒸发，细胞膜制备。基本要求1正确理解下列概念表面与界面；单元网格的概念；表面原子密度的概念；表面能的概念；覆盖率；物理吸附、化学吸附；接触角; 表面张力/ 表面自由能的概念；
4、表面活性和表面活性剂的概念; 表面过剩的概念; CMC 的概念; HLB 的概念，加溶作用.2.理解下列研究方法原理，特点低能电子衍射，俄歇电子能谱，能量损失谱, TPRS,吸附焓的测定方法，停滴法和停泡法，倾斜板法，滴高法,毛细管上升法,吊片法，滴体积/滴重法，最大气泡压力法，3.理解下列化学行为表面弛豫与重建, 气体在固体表面的吸附与解吸附的过程,特点，润湿的过程及进行条件。固体对溶液中溶质吸附的特点，胶团的形成，单分子膜的形成。4掌握下列公式表面原子密度计算，朗缪尔等温吸附公式，BET 等温吸附公式，杨氏方程；拉普拉斯公式；Gibbs 方程；结合功，粘附功，铺展系数的定义和计算。5会运用
5、表面与界面化学的原理解释一些现象，对一些问题提出解决方法。课程内容的重点、难点1绪论重点：表面与界面的概念；表面与界面化学的研究对象；界面现象的实质分子间力2表面重点：单元网格的概念和画法, 低能电子衍射 , 伍德标记法, 物理吸附、化学吸附的定义、特征以及区别；朗缪尔等温吸附公式的推导以及吸附焓的测定；BET 等温吸附公式的推导及应用；难点：低能电子衍射，程控解吸附，卤素、氧、氮、CO、氨的化学吸附特点，TPRS。3固液界面重点：润湿的种类及其过程实质和进行条件，接触角的测定方法，固体表面对溶液中溶质的吸附的特点难点：影响接触角的测定的因素4气液界面重点：表面张力/表面自由能的概念；拉普拉斯
6、公式；表面张力的测定方法；表面活性剂的概念，CMC 的概念，HLB 的概念难点：影响 CMC 的因素，Gibbs 方程。5 液液界面重点：结合功，粘附功，铺展系数的定义和计算，表面压及其测定方法，分子量的测定难点：表面压，分子量的测定。复习提纲1. Miller indicesHow to find the miller index2 Surface atom densitiesCalculation of surface atom densities3. unit meshesmeshes for fcc and bcc4 LEEDthe principle of LEED, applica
7、tion, the relationship between reciprocal mesh and real mesh5 physisortion and chmisortiondefinition and characteristics6 Langmuir isotherm7 BET isotherm8 heats of adsorptionhow to measure heats of adsorption9 Temperature programmed adsorption (TPD)the characteristics of first-order desorption and t
8、he second-order desorption10 VEELS and RAIRSFrom VEELS and RAIS, What information can be obtained?11 Woods notation12 adsorption characteristics of H, O NH3 and hydrocarbon molecules on metal surfaces13 TPRS14 Definition and measurements of surface tension15 Gibbs equation16 Surfactanthydrophilic, h
9、ydrophobic, hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) 17 CMCdefinition, factors affecting CMC18 adhesion , cohesion and spreading coefficient19 Surface pressure, -A curve20 contact anglemeasurement of contact angle, factors affecting measurement of contact anglehow to adjust contact angle复习题1. If Benjamin
10、Franklin poured one standard tablespoon of oil onto the surface of a 1/2-acre pond, would the amount of oil be sufficient to produce a complete monolayer of oil on the surface? Assume that the oil has a molecular weight of 310 and a density of 0.94g cm3.2. The Biblical reference to the effect of pou
11、ring oil on troubled waters actually has a strong basis in scientific principles. Explain in simple mechanical terms how one might explain the calming effect that such a process can have on turbulent seas.3. Explain why the experimentally determined work of cohesion for the cleavage of a solid cryst
12、alline material in vacuum will always be greater than that obtained by the same process in the presence of nitrogen.4find a correlation among the surface tensions of typical liquids and other intensive characteristics such as boiling point, and freezing point?5. Two soap bubbles, A and B, are blown
13、from the same solution and carefully brought into contact. Predict the resulting configuration for the following circumstances: (a) RA RB; (b) RA = RB; (c) RARB. Illustrate your predicted results.6. The capillary rise method was used to measure the surface tension of a liquid that wetted glass. A gl
14、ass capillary tube of 0.0200 cm diameter was used and a capillary rise of 10.47 cm was measured. The liquid density was 1.000 g cm3. What is the surface tension of the liquid? What influence do corrections for the weight and nonsphericity of the meniscus have on the surface tension?7. The surface te
15、nsion of a liquid that wets glass is measured by determining the vertical distance, h, between levels of the two menisci in a U-tube having a small bore r1 on one side and a larger bore r2 on the other.The following data are known: h= 1.90 cm, r1 = 0.1 cm, r2 =1.00 cm, and =0.95 g cm3 . Calculate th
16、e surface tension of the liquid using the simple capillary rise treatment.8. A fresh mica surface is prepared under three sets of conditionsin air, under argon, and in a vacuumand the surface energy determined. Will the surface energies determined be equal? If not, rank them in order of increasing v
17、alue and give your reason for the order chosen.9. The adsorption of a vapor on a solid is found to be rapid with a heat of adsorption (Had ) of approximately 50 kcal mol-1. The vapor can be desorbed under vacuum at high temperatures. What kind of adsorption process is probably involved?10. The amoun
18、t of a vapor adsorbed on a surface is found to increase as the temperature is raised at constant concentration. Which of the following situations is suggested: (a) the process has a high activation energy; (b) chemisorption is occurring; (c) there is competitive adsorption occurring; (d) all of the
19、above; (e) none of the above.11. In a situation of competitive adsorption of two adsorbates, A and B, from solution A will be more readily adsorbed than B if (a) the molecular weight of A is greater than that of B; (b) A is more soluble than B; (c) in the gas phase A is more readily adsorbed than B;
20、 (d) all of the above; (e) none of the above.12. A spreading monolayer of camphor can be used to propel a toy boat through the water. The motion produced by the effect of camphor on the water surface tension at the rear of the boat is a result of (a) a permanent increase in ; (b) a permanent decreas
21、e in ; (c) a transient increase in ; (d) a transient decrease in .13. A compound is found to adsorb onto a glass surface in such a way that the resulting adsorbed layer may be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic, depending on the concentration of adsorbate, time of adsorption and temperature. In all p
22、robability, the process(es) involved is (are) (a) monolayer adsorption; (b) random multilayer adsorption; (c) oriented multilayer adsorption; (d) all of these; (e) none of these.14. Estimate the size of spherical micelles that would be formed by a series of single-chain hydrocarbon surfactants with
23、chains of 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 carbons.15. Given that the cmc of sodium dodecylsulfate is 8.9mMat 45C, calculate the expected cmc values for the C-14, C-16, and C-18 members of the homologous series.16. The contact angle is proportional to (SG -SL), therefore addition of a surfactant that adsorbs
24、at the SL interface should decrease SL, increase the quantity in parentheses and reduce . However, in flotation systems such addition increases . Explain what is incorrect or misleadingabout the opening statement.17. Where contact angle hysteresis is present, which do you think is more critical to b
25、ubble adhesion in flotation: the advancing or receding angle? Explain.18. Explain how contact angle considerations are involved in each of the following observations or phenomena: (a) the rule of thumb that water drains evenly from adequately clean laboratory glassware; (b) the shape of raindrops sliding down a glass window pane (vertical and inclined).
