1、The Climate Its vocabulary provided the basic and indispensable part of Modern English;Since 597, the Anglo-Saxons began to be Christianized.Who were the Vikings?The Vikings (or Norsemen) were ancestors of modern Norwegians, Danes and Swedes. They were seafarers and harassed Europe from the 9th to t
2、he 11th centuries. The Norwegians and the Danes raided various parts of England from the end of the 8th century and became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878.Why was Alfred the Great called “the Father of the British Navy?”The Family Trees of King AlfredKing Alfred
3、Ethelred the Unready King Edmund (Canute) Edward the Confessor (Westminster Abbey) Harold of Wessex William the ConquerorIn William Is TimeWho was William the ConquerorAs Duke of Normandy, William came to power in 1035, and proved himself an effective soldier and ruler. Claiming that Edward the Conf
4、essor had promised him in 1051 the English throne, and that the promise had been renewed in 1064 by Harold of Wessex, he invaded England in 1066, defeated and killed Harold near Hastings in Sussex and conquered England. He gave lands to his Norman followers, imposed feudalism and ordered the Domesda
5、y (末日审判书) to be drawn up. His conquest had great significance in the history of Britain.William Is Feats Tower of London;The Introduction of Feudal System(Norman lords tenants): centralizationThe administration of justice: sheriffs for the country courts; Norman bishops for the church courtsWhat is
6、the Domesday Book?The Domesday Book was the records of a survey of the land of England made by order of William I in 1086-1087, and used for tax purposes and as a general reference book of the population, its property, stock and so on. The survey was in two volumes, one covering Essex, Suffolk, and
7、Norfolk, the other covering the rest of England excluding some of the remoter areas of north England. The survey was so called probably because the records were the final (“day of judgment” or “doomsday”) authority for disputes over property.The Purpose of Compiling the Domesday BookWilliam wanted t
8、o have a reliable record of all his land, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much his tenants could be asked to pay by way of taxes.What was the Influence of the Norman Conquest on Britain? The Norman Conquest was in effect a French conquest and the imposition upon England of a ru
9、ling French aristocracy. The Norman Conquest of 1066 was perhaps the best known event in the English history because England was never invaded ever since. William the Conqueror Confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaces the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman g
10、overnment. As a result, the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were further extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and innovations in architecture and methods of warfare were introduced. The Church
11、 was brought into closer connections with Rome, and the Church courts were separated from the civil courts.The Norman KingsHenry of AnjouHenry of Anjou, the son of Matilda, Henry Is daughter, succeeded to the throne of England as King Henry IIHenry II is best remembered for his reform of the courts
12、and their law. He sent “itinerant justices” of his royal court into every country of England to hold assizes, making it easy for any freeman to take a case to the kings justice.The law of the kings courts was common to all England, it was known as the common law. This common law derived from acknowl
13、edged custom and was based on precedent judgments.Henrys Jury SystemIn Henrys day the members of the jury were witnesses themselves, and no man could be tried unless a jury of twelve men swore that there was a true case against him.The Murder in the CathedralThe bitter contest between Henry II and T
14、homas Becket, his former intimate friend and the then Archbishop of the Canterbury Cathedral led to the murder of the Cathedral.Canterbury TalesThe murder of an archbishop in his cathedral outraged all Christendom. Becket was very soon worshiped as a martyr throughout Europe. He was buried at Canter
15、bury and thousands of people made pilgrimages each year to worship at his tomb, hence Chaucers Canterbury Tales.King John signing Magna CartaThe king was not above the law, that he only ruled by the will of the people, and that if he broke his part of the contract, then the people had the right to o
16、verthrow the king. The whole episode amounted to a civil war, and was probably not as cozy as the painting on the above. Simons ParliamentDuring the reign of Henry III, Simon of Montfort made some changes in 1265 to the Great Council Besides the usual lords and churchmen, two knights from each shire
17、 and two citizens from each of the more important towns were summoned to the Great Council. The parliament of 1265 in history is generally considered the beginning of parliament.Edward IEdward Is parliament: the Model ParliamentThe conquest of Wales and Edward II, the first Prince of Wales in Englis
18、h historyHenry VHistory is written by the victors, and sometimes by Shakespeare. Henry VIII, the ruthless despot and tyrantHenry VIII, who come to the throne in 1509, was a man who left his stamp on history. His six marriages in search of a male heir led to two daughters (Mary and Elizabeth) and a s
19、on Edward (who died young). Henrys need for a divorce led to a row with the pope who refused to grant Henry one. Henry countered by dissolving the Roman Catholic Church in Britain, and setting up the Church of England.The Relic of MonasteriesOne other bonus for Henry III from his split with Rome was
20、 that he gained control of the monasteries - the monastic buildings and land were sold off after the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538. Many of the buildings fell into decay, and they lost their farmlands for ever. The Bloody MaryHenrys elder daughter Mary was a Catholic - and a militant Cathol
21、ic. Her efforts as queen to restore Catholicism to England made her the most unpopular queen in British history and the means that she used to pursue her aims earned her the nickname “bloody Mary“. There were 283 Protestant martyrs burnt at the stake in her reign. Queen Elizabeth: Marys Protestant h
22、alf-sister Elizabeths reign brought in one of the most glorious eras of British history. Exploration, colonization, victory in war, and growing world importance. The Arts flourished, this was the age of Shakespeare and Bacon. It was the age of the sea dog, Drake and Raleigh, Hawkins and Frobisher. D
23、rake, the Sea DogDrakes voyage round the world in the Golden Hind started in 1577 and took 3 years. Though he did not find Australia or the north west passage, he brought back great wealth from raids on the Spanish possessions in the Pacific and from cargoes of spices. Drake was the first Briton to
24、sail round the world. The War with the Spanish ArmadaEventually there was all out war with Spain. Philip of Spain assembled the largest fleet the world had seen, and in 1588 it set sail to invade England. The smaller, more maneuverable English ships harried the Spanish armada all the way up the Engl
25、ish Channel. But the Armada reached Calais and anchored. The English sent in fireships (crammed with burning tar and gunpowder). This forced the Spanish to cut anchor and scatter. The power of the Armada had been in its tight disciplined formation that the English could not break. Now it was just a
26、collection of individual ships. The Spanish ships made their way back home to Spain via the north of Scotland and down the Irish coast. 50 ships and 20,000 men perished. Spain was humiliated on the world stage.Elizabeths “Golden Speech”The Spanish wars had crippled the English exchequer, inflation s
27、oared, and in 1601 Elizabeth had to go to Parliament to get more money. Sensing hostility, as Parliament was angry about the privileges she had granted her favorites, she gave way graciously, and gave a “Golden Speech“ which became in later years a model for the relationship between monarch and the
28、nation - with obligations on both sides.James Stuart: Son of the Queen Mary of ScotlandJames Stuart was a Scottish Catholic who believed in the “Divine Right“ to rule as he pleased. This brought him into conflict with the English Parliament. The failed Catholic Gunpowder Plot to blow up Parliament i
29、n 1605 led to anti catholic riots. The failure of both James and his son Charles I to understand the English tradition of parliamentary liberty led eventually to civil war.Charles I: the Civil WarJames died unlamented in 1625. Charles I immediately came into conflict with Parliament. He tried to rul
30、e without summoning parliament for 11 years, but eventually ran out of money, and summoned Parliament in 1640. Parliament was naturally peeved about his neglect of their rights. They refused him money, and the country split between supporters of the king (blue on map left) and supporters of parliame
31、nt (red on the map)Charles I: the Civil WarThe Civil WarThe first major Engagement of the Civil War was at Edgehill in the Cotswolds on 1642. Indecision among the Royalists and the mould of the New Model army by the parliamentarians led to Parliament gaining the upper hand, and by 1645 Cromwell won
32、the decisiveThe Civil WarBattle of Naseby. Charles was captured and put on trial for treason in 1649. He refused to recognize the court, but was regardless found guilty. 59 republicans signed the death warrant (above), and after the restoration Charles II prosecuted those that he could. Cromwells Di
33、ctatorshipOliver Cromwell and the army emerged as the power in the land. Cromwell dissolved parliament with the words “Depart I say, and let us have done with you. In the name of God , go!“ It was the start of Englands only period of dictatorship. Cromwells DictatorshipCromwell was unable to find an
34、ything to replace the monarchy. When he died in 1658 his son Richard succeeded him, but “Tumbledown Dick“ was not a man to rule Britain, and in 1660 Charles II was restored to the throne his father had died for. The Tudor Monarchy and the Rising BourgeoisieThe New Monarchy The ending of the Wars of
35、the Roses The Middle Ages ended in 1485 when many nobles were killed and great feudal families were destroyed and the newly-born bourgeoisie increased Measures For the protection of the interests of the commercial and middle class which the monarchy relied on 1.To protect and promote the development
36、 of trade and industry 2. To Manage to secure peace for England 3. A strong navy Influence The Tudor Monarchy is an important period in the history. Why ?1. good conditions provided for capitalism arising 2. large amounts of wealth were being accumulated 3. The Tudor Monarchy severed as the transiti
37、onal stagefrom feudalism to capitalism in English history Henry and Reformation Roman CatholicismNational religion of Roman Empire in 392 Divided into Roman Catholicism (罗马天主教) and Orthodox Eastern Church (东正教)Protestantism (新教): break away from Roman CatholicismThe Catholic Church in the Middle Age
38、 The Influence of the Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic church is one of the main branches of Christian Church. Its doctrine dominated mens thinking in Europe. Everyone in Europe believed in the Roman Catholic Church Preacher in the ChurchSelling IndulgencesMartin Luther and Protestants Martin Luther (1
39、483-1546)From a miners family in Germany Became a friar after finished college There was no need for a believer to do “ good deeds” Advised people to read the Bible Protestantism People began to reject the Roman Catholic Church in the 15th century. The doctrine advocated by Martin Luther reflected t
40、he growth of Protestantism ProtestantismAgainst its wastefulness and pompous ceremoniesDesire for personal achievements and freedomReflection of the class struggleProtestantism Protestantism aimed at carrying out reforms and fighting for independence from the control of Romanism. The Nature of the R
41、eligious ReformThe Reformation of the church demanded by the Protestants was actually a struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal ruling class and its ideology.The Reasons for the Reform in EnglandEncouraged by Martin Luther, many English people demanded reform of the church. T
42、he privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented by many people. The monarchy would benefit from the reform. The Immediate Cause of the Reform was Henry s Struggle for a Divorce Measures To declare all the churchmen in England guilty by labeling them as agents of the Pope To cut off the Popes rev
43、enue from England To pass the Act of Supremacy MeasuresAppointed all the high English churchmen Attacked the monks and their monasteries and occupied their land Blood Mary uk-history.ppsMary TudorBloody Mary (1553-1558)Daughter of the first queenPious Catholic Married the son of Charles VBurning her
44、eticsElizabeth I One of the most successful despots to govern England in English historyElizabeths Religious Policy preserved the fruits of her fathers Reformationbroke Englands religious tie with Romerestored her fathers independent Church of England Elizabeths Foreign Policy prevented England from
45、 getting involved in major European conflicts maintained a friendly relationship with France tried to avoid open hostility with Spain and encourage seadogs to promote the growth of foreign trade and expansion to establish charter companies: the East India Company The Spanish Armada (Invincible Fleet
46、) in Early 1600sThe Marine Time War in 1588The EffectsThe destruction of the Spanish Armadauk-history.pps not only established the position of England as a major sea power but also paved the way for its foreign expansion.In a word, Elizabeth was the foundation of the British EmpireRenaissance in Eng
47、land Renaissance is a French word that means rebirth. The word was first used by Italian scholars in the mid-16th century to express the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.But modern scholars are more inclined to use the term to express the great variety of changes that Europe underwent
48、politically, economically and culturally between 1450 and 1600. William ShakespeareIn conclusion, the Tudor Monarchy is the most important period in English history. Henry s monarchy, Renaissance, Reformation and Elizabeths policy, all these things happened in this period met the need of the rising
49、bourgeoisie and wealth began to flow into England and the English bourgeoisie was ready to take over political power and to build an empire. The English Bourgeois RevolutionHouse of Stewart and James James Appearance: not popularKing - embodiment of glory and dignityJames I - a hawk-nosed man with his legs curving outwardDoctrine: “Divine Right of Kings”In trouble with the religious controversythe Millenary Petition 千人请愿书The Gunpowder PlotThe Catholics r
