1、1Civil WarThe American Civil War (18611865), often referred to simply as The Civil War in the United States, was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession fro
2、m the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (“the Confederacy“); the other 25 states supported the federal government (“the Union“). After four years of warfare, mostly within the Southern states, the Confederacy surrendered and slavery was outlawed everywhere in the nation. Iss
3、ues that led to war were partially resolved in the Reconstruction Era that followed, though others remained unresolved.In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against expanding slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. The Repub
4、licans strongly advocated nationalism, and in their 1860 platform they denounced threats of disunion as avowals of treason. After a Republican victory, but before the new administration took office on March 4, 1861, seven cotton states declared their secession and joined to form the Confederate Stat
5、es of America. Both the outgoing administration of President James Buchanan and the incoming administration rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion. The other eight slave states rejected calls for secession at this point. No country in the world recognized the Confederacy.Hostil
6、ities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture federal property, which led to declarations of secession by four more slave states. Both sides
7、 raised armies as the Union seized control of the border states early in the war and established a naval blockade. Land warfare in the East was inconclusive in 186162, as the Confederacy beat back Union efforts to capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign. In Se
8、ptember 1862, the Confederate campaign in Maryland ended in defeat at the Battle of Antietam, which dissuaded the British from intervening.2 Days after that battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal.3In 1863, Confederate general Robert E. Lees northwa
9、rd advance ended in defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg. To the west, the Union gained control of the Mississippi River after the Battle of Shiloh and Siege of Vicksburg, splitting the Confederacy in two and destroying much of their western army. Due to his western successes, Ulysses S. Grant was giv
10、en command of the eastern army in 1864, and organized the armies of William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan and others to attack the Confederacy from all directions, increasing the Norths advantage in manpower. Grant restructured the union army, and put other generals in command of divisions of th
11、e army that were to support his push into Virginia. He fought several battles of attrition against Lee through the Overland Campaign to seize Richmond, though in the face of fierce resistance he altered his plans and led the Siege of Petersburg which nearly finished off the rest of Lees army. Meanwh
12、ile, Sherman captured Atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying Confederate infrastructure along the way. When the Confederate attempt to defend Petersburg failed, the Confederate army retreated but was pursued and defeated, which resulted in Lees surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on Apr
13、il 9, 1865.The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed World War I in
14、Europe. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Historian John Huddleston estimates the death toll at ten percent of all Northern males 2045 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males
15、aged 1840.4 Victory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and of slavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federal government. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.美国南北战争（1861-1865），通常被
16、称为在美国南北战争，是一场内战，战斗在美利坚合众国。在亚伯拉罕林肯作为美国总统的选举中，来自美国的 11个南部蓄奴州宣布他们的分裂，并形成了美国南部邦联（“邦联”），其他 25个州的支持联邦政府（“ “联盟”）。经过 4 年的战争，大多是在南方各州，联邦投降，并在全国各地奴隶制被取缔。导致战争的问题，部分解决重建中的时代之后，虽然仍然没有得到解决。在 1860 年的总统选举中，共和党，亚伯拉罕林肯的带领下，反对扩大奴隶制以外的国家，它已经存在了竞选。共和党大力提倡民族主义，他们在他们的1860 平台斥为叛国 avowals 的不统一威胁。新政府后，共和党的胜利，但在此之前于 1861 年 3
17、月 4 日，办公室，七个棉花国家宣布他们的分裂和加入，形成了美国南部邦联。即将卸任的总统詹姆斯布坎南的管理和下届政府都反对分裂国家的合法性，考虑到它的叛乱。在这一点上，其他 8 个奴隶州拒绝分裂电话。世界上没有任何国家承认邦联。敌对行动开始，1861 年 4 月 12 日，当南方军队袭击了美国南卡 罗来纳州萨姆特堡的军事设施。林肯回应，要求从每个国家的志愿者大军夺回联邦的财产，这导致四个蓄奴州脱离声明。双方提出了军队作为联盟抓住控制边境各州在战争初期，建立了海上封锁。在东方的土地战是不确定的，在 1861 年至 1862 年，作为南部邦联打退半岛战役期间捕获的资本，里士满，弗吉尼亚州，特别是联
18、盟的努力。在 1862 年 9 月，在马里兰州的同盟运动以失败告终，在 Antietam争斗，英国劝阻干预。2天之后战斗，林肯颁布“ 解放宣言”，结束奴隶制的战争目标。31863 年，同盟将军罗伯特李北进失败而告终，在葛底斯堡战役。到西部，联盟得到控制后，希洛和维克斯堡围攻战役，在两个分裂联邦和摧毁他们的西方军队的密西西比河。由于他的西方的成功，尤利塞斯格兰特于 1864 年东部军队的命令，和威廉 Tecumseh 谢尔曼，菲利普 Sheridan 和其他组织的军队从四面八方攻击邦联，增加人手北的优势。批准重组的联盟军队，并把其他将军指挥军队的分裂，支持他推到弗吉尼亚。他反对李开复的几个战斗减
19、员，通过陆上运动要抓住里士满，尽管面对激烈的抵抗，他改变了他的计划，导致接近完成关闭其余李的军队围困的圣彼得堡。同时，谢尔曼攻占亚特兰大，并游行到海，摧毁沿途的同盟基础设施。当保卫圣彼得堡同盟企图失败后，同盟军撤退，但被追求和被击败的，这导致在李的投降在 Appomattox 法院，1865 年 4月 9 日授予。美国南北战争中是最早的真正的工业战争之一。铁路，电报，轮船，和大规模生产的武器被广泛应用。谢尔曼格鲁吉亚的全面战争，和圣彼得堡附近的战壕战的做法在欧洲的世界战埋下了伏笔。它仍然在美国历史上最惨重的战争，造成的死亡 62 万士兵和平民伤亡人数不详。历史学家约翰赫德尔斯顿估计所有 20-
20、45 岁的北方男性为 10，所有 18-40 岁的南方白人男性和 30的死亡人数。4北方的胜利意味着联邦和结束奴隶制美国，并加强了联邦政府的作用。社会，政治，经济和种族战争的问题，果断地塑造了重建的时代，一直持续到1877 年。2.USA TodayUSA Today“ is the only color version in the United States national outside the Daily News, September 15, 1982, “USA Today“Founded and headquartered in Rosslyn, Virginia, is th
21、e nations largest Gannett newspaper group. The original intention of the newspaper group founded the newspaper, U.S. newspapers as much as almost an average of 2.15 with a newspaper, and the impact of many newspapers throughout the country and even overseas, but unfortunately, the focus of their rep
22、orts are regional in nature. As the American social, economic and cultural development, the domestic tourists and civil servants daily travel is increasing, not a local newspaper can meet these people a comprehensive understanding of the news about the entire U.S. market, financial, weather, enterta
23、inment, sports content and other aspects of demand, people should feel very upset, quite inconvenient. The bosses of the Gannett newspaper group to discover and realize the huge potential readers market, began to organize since the national Daily. “USA Today“ come out in less than two years, circula
24、tion, jumped to third place in the nation to keep pace with the century-old newspaper “New York Times, Wall Street Journal, the two deep impression on readers. Newspaper founded by the fourth year, the actual number of readers have leapt to the highest of the nations daily. “USA Today“ has for many
25、years to top the list of up to 2.2 million copies, is the youngest U.S. major newspaper, a newspaper created the miracle of the American newspaper industry. Miracle of creation is not easy, “USA Today“ newspaper operation, management, layout design, the news genre to the editorial policy, “contrary
26、to conventional, it created a number of the first myth, the courage to “first to eat crab.“Color printing and the big picture of the distinctive characteristics of the “USA Today“ page, so it also has a “TV in the newspaper“ in the title. “USA Today Publication United States color television began t
27、o popularize the media audience to indulge in the front of the TV, and habits with a simple, direct, easy way to obtain information. The founder of USA Today, “to convey information visual image was inspired by TV, creating a precedent to the performance of the news of newspaper photographs and diag
28、rams to a lot of rich information, a formal declaration of the arrival of“ Reading Pictures “. Driven by “USA Today“, the special features of the picture is increasingly being recognized, According to the U.S. Newspaper scholars statistics, image text U.S. newspapers ratio of 3:7 on the front page,
29、even up to 1:1. It is the first on the front page of the use of full-color picture of the newspaper, a newspaper printing pioneer, called a model for color newspaper in the West. Weather version of the “USA Today“ the most colorful layout, is the first. Substantial color weather map with 10 differen
30、t color-coded throughout the temperature below 10 degrees Fahrenheit to 100 degrees, which also caused a major newspaper imitated. “USA Today,“ the purpose is to adapt to the fast-paced daily life of Americans. Therefore, the most important principle of news editing: nearly the amount simplify infor
31、mation means, try to cater to the habits of readers access to information via the method of image, the pursuit of information to use and convenient, so-called “fast food“. The style of news reporting, the newspaper report of the United States like and at describing the details in order to fully meet
32、 the readers desire to know the contents of the article in the newspaper for fear the ominous plot lest not fine. Short press of the “USA Today“ to become increasingly different, unique. “USA Today“ never encouraged long articles, short manuscript is one of the most prominent feature of this newspap
33、er. “USA Today“ the greatest challenge is his “I hope the news“. According to the newspapers founder Niu Hasi, “I hope the news“ - “accurate and not pessimistic, and detail the bright side, rather than negative reports all the news,“ the newspaper should report things to promote understanding and so
34、lidarity, was not discriminatory and divisive. “active today, the United States reported a positive, happy news, although contrary to the conventional justice“ of the U.S. press, but adapted to the majority of the audiences desire for a positive relaxed, bright and happy news and information needs.
35、“USA Today“ to do many times the audience survey showed that many people like such a positive report tone that read “USA Today“ is a pleasure, so that people have a positive attitude to society as a whole.Edit this paragraph Publications founderAlan Niuha Si (Al Neuharth), “today the United States“,
36、 founder of the Gannett Newspaper Group Chairman of the Board, called “journalism in the U.S. the most daring, the shock is his usual style. 1982 he founded color printing, small illustrations, and national circulation, “USA Today“ newspaper won a mockery of nature called “McDonalds newspaper, or ev
37、en known contemporary American smartest, most astute financial people Buffett also USA Today “creative as a ridiculous and arrogant balderdash, mercilessly given the mockery. “USA Today is the most widely talk about references, imitation of the largest circulation newspaper.今日美国是美国唯一的彩色版全国性对开日报，1982
38、 年 9 月 15 日今日美国创刊，总部设在弗吉尼亚州的罗斯林，属全美最大的甘尼特报团。该报团创办这份报纸的初衷是，虽然美国报纸之多，几乎达到平均 2.15 人就拥有一份报纸，而且许多报纸的影响遍及全国，乃至海外，但遗憾的是，它们的报道重点都是地区性的。随着美国社会、经济、文化的发展，国内旅游者和每天出差的公务人员日益增多，没有一张地方报纸能满足这些人全面了解有关整个美国的新闻、市场、金融、气象、娱乐、体育等方面内容的需求，人们为此感到十分苦恼，颇为不便。甘尼特报团的老板们及时发现并意识到了这一巨大的潜在的读者市场，便开始筹办起这份全国性的综合日报。 今日美国问世不足两年的时间里,发行量即跃至
39、全美第三位,与纽约时报 、 华尔街日报这两份在读者中深入人心的百年老报并驾齐驱。报纸创刊第四年,其实际读者人数已经跃居全美日报之冠。 今日美国已连续多年稳居榜首,高达 220 万份,是美国大报中最年轻的一份报纸,创造了美国报业的奇迹。然而奇迹的创造并不是轻而易举的,今日美国在报纸运作的多个方面,从经营管理、版面设计、新闻体裁到编辑方针,“违背常规”的它,创造了多个首次的神话,是敢于“第一个吃螃蟹的人” 。彩色印刷和大图片是今日美国版面上的鲜明特点,因此它也有“报纸中的电视”的称号。 今日美国创刊的时候也正是美国彩色电视开始普及之时,媒介受众沉迷于电视前,习惯了用简单、直接、轻松的方法来获取信息
40、。 今日美国的创始人受到电视传达信息直观形象的启发,开创了报纸以大量富含信息的照片和图表来表现新闻的先河,正式宣告了“读图时代”的到来。在今日美国的带动下,图片的特殊功能越来越被人们所认识,据美国报业学者统计,美国报纸版面的图片文字之比为 3:7,在头版甚至达到 1:1。 它还是美国最先在头版运用全彩色图片的报纸,是报纸彩印的先行者,堪称西方彩色报纸的典范。 天气版则是今日美国最为色彩斑斓的版面,更是它的首创。大幅彩色的全国气象地图上用 10 种不同颜色标出了各地从华氏 10 度以下到 100 度的气温,此举同样引起了各大报纸的竞相效仿。 今日美国的宗旨就是要适应美国人日常生活的快节奏。因此,
41、其最重要的新闻编辑原则就是:近量简化信息使用手段,尽量迎合读者通过形象的方法获取信息的习惯,追求信息利用便捷,所以谓之“快餐化” 。 就新闻报道风格而言,美国的报纸新闻喜欢并擅长描述细节,以充分满足读者的知晓欲望,报纸上的文章内容唯恐不祥,情节唯恐不细。 今日美国的短新闻才越发显得与众不同,独树一帜。 今日美国从不鼓励长文章,稿件简短是此报的最突出特点之一。 今日美国对传统的最大挑战莫过于其“希望新闻” 。按报纸的创始人纽哈斯的说法,“希望新闻”就是“精确而不悲观,详细而不消极的报道所有的新闻”,“报纸要报道事物的光明面,宣扬理解和团结,而不是歧视和分裂。 ” 今日美国大量的报道积极的正面的快
42、乐的新闻,虽然违背了美国新闻界的“常规天理”,但是适应了大多数受众的渴望正面轻松,光明快乐的新闻信息的需求。 今日美国做的多次读者调查表明,很多人喜欢这种积极的报道基调,认为读今日美国是一种享受,也使人们对整个社会产生积极的态度。编辑本段刊物创办人艾伦纽哈斯(Al Neuharth)， 今日美国创办人，前甘奈特报业集团董事会主席，人称“美国新闻界最胆大妄为的人” ，惊世骇俗是他一贯的作风。1982他创办彩色印刷、小巧插图以及全国发行的今日美国 ，为报纸博得一个嘲弄性的称呼“麦当劳报纸” ，甚至被誉为当代美国最聪明、最精明的理财人巴菲特也把今日美国的创意看做是一个可笑而自大的梦呓，从而无情地给予嘲弄。现在今日美国却是美国最广受谈论、引用、模仿的发行量最大的报纸。
