1、Written Translation Between English and Chinese(for Grade 2004)ByYu ChengfaFebruary, 2007Course Description 1. Aims and Objectives 2. Learning Achievements 3. Reference Books and Dictionaries 4. Tips on How to Learn This Course 5. Basic Requirements1. Aims and Objectives1) To offer basic translation
2、 theories 2) To elaborate on the differences between English and Chinese in terms of vocabulary, word order, syntax, discourse, rhetorical devices, etc 3) To impart useful and effective translation skills4) To show stylistic features of various genres (literary, journalistic, scientific -Five qualif
3、ications for good translators: 1) A good command of English2) A solid foundation of Chinese3) A wide scope of encyclopedic knowledge4) Familiarity with translation theories and techniques5) A strong sense of responsibilityGeneral framework and time allocation:I. Nature of Translation (1 period)II. A
4、n Overview of History of Translation in China (1 period)III. Translation Principles/Criteria (2 periods)IV. Prerequisites for Qualified Translators (2 periods)V. Processes of Translation (2 periods)I. Nature of Translation1. Definition翻译 vs. translation1) Definitions from dictionaries:to turn from o
5、ne language into another (Oxford)to turn into ones own or another language (Longman) 把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来（辞海 现代汉语词典 ）把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动 （中国大百科全书 语言卷 ）2) Definitions from textbooksZhang Peiji et al.: a linguistic activity in which the ideas and contents expressed in one language are re-expre
6、ssed exactly and thoroughly in anotherLv Ruichang et al.: a linguistic activity in which are involved two languages and various kinds of knowledge. It is a faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another such as ideas, contents, thoughts, feelings, styles.Chen Hongwei (
7、2004): a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural activity which transforms the meaning borne in one language into another Eugene Nida (1969) Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly
8、, in terms of styleChritiane Nord (2001): Translating is a purposeful activity, translational interaction, interpersonal interaction, intercultural action, text-processing action(commonly accepted ) According to linguistic theory, translating is a cross-linguistic, cross-cultural and cross-social ac
9、tivity. The process of translating is not only the one of linguistic transference but also the one of cultural transplantation.2. Translation: Science or Art 1) 马是有用的动物。A. A horse is a useful animal.B. The horse is a useful animal.C. Horses are useful animals. 2）Gates Avenue families carried the pai
10、ls to the hydrant at the curb. A.盖茨大街的家家户户提着桶去街边的水龙头。B. 住在盖茨大街的家家户户提着小桶到街边的水龙头去 打水。C. 盖茨大街的居民们都提着小桶去街边的水龙头打水。 3) As with Black Power the burgeoning Red Power movement has two components: one cultural, the other political. A. 象黑人权力一样，正在兴起的红色权力运动包括 两个部分：一个是文化的，另一个是政治的。B. 象黑人权力一样，正在兴起的红色权力运动包括 两个部分：一个是
11、文化的，另一个是政治的。 。C. 象黑人权力运动一样，正在兴起的印第安人权力运动包括文化和政治两个部分。 4） My hands are clean. I have no blood on them. 我的双手是清白的。它们上面没有沾满鲜血。 5）匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。Wherever the bandit troops went, they massacred and raped, burned and looted, and stopped at nothing. 6） How We Kept Mothers Day A. 我们怎样过母亲节B. 我
12、们如何庆祝母亲节C. 我们是怎样庆贺母亲节的D. 我们是怎样庆祝母亲节的 School of science: tr. should reproduce the message of the original by means of the transference of linguistic equivalence; stresses the study of description of the process of tr. and structures and forms of language so as to reveal the objective rules and laws i
13、n translating School of art: re-creating a literary work by using the expression of another language; emphasizes the effect of translationConclusion:3. Classification of Translationi. In Terms of Linguistic Signsintralingual tr., interlinguistic tr., intersemiotic tr. ii. In Terms of Relationship Be
14、tween SL The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original;A translation should have all the ease of original compositiona. 译作应完全复写出原作的思想b.译文应该完全传达原文的思想a. 译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质b. 译文的风格和笔调应和原文的一致a. 译作应具备原作的通顺b. 译文应像原文一样流畅ii. Fedorov: Adequacy Theory The exactness of
15、 tr. means the exact rendering of the thought and content of the original and performs the same rhetorical function as the original.iii. Eugene Nida: Functional Equivalence A good version should be closest, natural equivalence of the original message both in content and style2. In China案本（道安）求信（严复）神
16、似（傅雷）化境（钱钟书）i. Yan Fu: three-character tr. theoryfaithfulness: full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thoughtexpressiveness: the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused sense and logicelegance: the use of classical Chinese before
17、 the Han DynastyIm up to my neck in your bullshitA. 你让我倒他妈的八辈子邪霉了。B. 你害得我好苦哇！ii. Lu Xun: faithfulness and smoothnessRather be faithful(in thought) than smooth (in languageA translator must strive, on the one hand, to make his translation easy for the reader to understand, and on the other, to keep t
18、he original flavor of the original work (charm and style of the author.) iii. Fu Lei: Similarity in Spirit“As far as the effect is concerned, translation should be like copying a painting. What is desired is not being alike in appearance but being alike in spirit.” “An ideal tr. reads like the origi
19、nal writers writing.”iv. Qian Zhongshu: Sublimity: the highest ideal of literary translation, transforming a work from one language into another without betraying any evidence of artifice by virtue of divergences in language and speech habits while preserving intact the flavor of the original, then
20、we say such a performance has attained “the ultimate of sublimity”. “transmigration of souls”, replacing the external shell and retaining the inner spirit and style without the slightest deviation. The translation should cleave to the original with fidelity, not read like a translation.v. In Contemp
21、orary China刘重德 faithfulness, expressiveness, closeness许渊冲 principle of beauty in three aspects (meaning, sound he eats no fish and plays the game.约翰为人可靠，他既诚实又正直。 24) 这对年轻夫妻并不相配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。The young couple is not well matched, one is a Xi Shi a famous Chinese beauty, the other is a Zhang Feia notori
22、ous ill-tempered brute. 4. Familiarity with Translation Theories it is already three months since he was a bandmaster. 29) Her mother is a sister in a Melbourne hospital. 30) a sophisticated man, a sophisticated woman, a sophisticated columnist, a sophisticated electronic device, a sophisticated wea
23、pon 31) A. His dear parent has joined the heavenly choir.B. His dear father has passed away.C. His father has died.D. His old man has just kicked the bucket.2. Transfer: a series of complicated mental activities3. Expression-faithful reproduction in TL of exact and thorough comprehension of ST -a flexible use of translation methods and skills 32) In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.A. 门口放着至少十二把各种颜色和尺寸的伞。B. 门口放着至少十二把伞，五颜六色，大小不一。4. Proofreading-to test the faithfulness -to improve and polish the TT-cold treatment
