1、There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do. In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social r
2、oles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world. What is remarkable about the hi
3、story of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained are same. The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world and their persistenc
4、e to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic （北极的）peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy
5、 soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles. Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart tothe automobile is a direct line of ascent （进步）. The progress f
6、rom a rattle （拨浪鼓）used by a baby in 3000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials. 1. The reason why the toys most boys play with are differe
7、nt from those that girls play with is that _. A） their social roles are rigidly determined B） most boys would like to follow their fathers professions C） boys like to play with their fathers while girls with their mothers D） they like challenging activities 2. One aspect of “the universality of toys
8、” lies in the fact that _. A） technological advances have greatly improved the durability of toys B） the improvement of craftsmanship in making toys depends on the efforts of universities C） the exploration of the universe had led to the creation of new kinds of toys D） the basic characteristics of
9、toys are the same the world over 3. Which of the following is the authors view on the historical development of toys? A） The craftsmanship in toy-making has remained essentially unchanged. B） Toys have remained basically the same all through the centuries. C） The toy industry has witnessed great lea
10、ps in technology in recent years. D） Toys are playing an increasingly important role in shaping a childs character. 4. Regarded as a kind of art form, toys _. A） follow a direct line of ascent B） also appeal greatly to adults C） are not characterized by technological progress D） reflect the pace of
11、social progress 5. The author uses the example of rattle to show that _. A） in toy-making there is a continuity in the sue of materials B） even the simplest toys can reflect the progress of technology C） even the simplest toys can reflect the progress of technology D） even a simple toy can mirror th
12、e artistic tastes of the time 答案：1. A 2. D 3. B 4.C 5. D Until the 1980s, the American homeless population comprised mainly older males. Today, homelessness strikes much younger part of society. In fact, a 25-city survey by the U. S. Conference of Mayors in 1987 found that families with children mak
13、e up the fastest growing part of the homeless population. Many homeless children gather in inner cities; this transient（变化无常的）and frequently frightened student population creates additional problems both legal and educational for already overburdened urban school administrators and teachers. Estimat
14、es of the number of homeless Americans range from 350,000 to three million. Likewise, estimates of the number of homeless school children vary radically. A U.S. Department of Education report, based on state estimates, states that there are 220,000 homeless school-age children, about a third of whom
15、 do not attend school on a regular basis, But the National Coalition for the Homeless estimates that there are at least two times as many homeless children, and that less than half of them attend school regularly. One part of the homeless population that is particularly difficult to count consists o
16、f the “throwaway” youths who have been cast of their homes. The Elementary School Center in New York City estimates that there are 1.5 million of them, many of whom are not counted as children because they do not stay in family shelters and tend to live by themselves on the streets. Federal law, the
17、 Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987, includes a section that addresses the educational needs of homeless children. The educational provisions of the McKinney Act are based on the belief that all homeless children have the right to a free, appropriate education. 1. It is implied in t
18、he first paragraph that _. A） the writer himself is homeless, even in his eighties B） many older homeless residents are going on strike in 25 cities C） there is a serious shortage of academic facilities D） homeless children are denied the opportunity of receiving free education 2. The National Coali
19、tion for the homeless believes that the number of homeless children is _. A） 350,000 B） 1,500,000 C） 440,000 D） 110,000 3. One part of the homeless population is difficult to estimate. The reason might well be _. A） the homeless children are too young to be counted as children B） the homeless popula
20、tion is growing rapidly C） the homeless children usually stay outside school D） some homeless children are deserted by their families 4. The McKinney Act is mentioned in this passage in order to show that _. A） the educational problems of homeless children are being recognized B） the estimates on ho
21、meless children are hard to determine C） the address of grade-school children should be located D） all homeless people are entitled to free education 5. The passage mainly deals with _. A） the legal problems of the homeless children B） the educational problems of homeless children C） the social stat
22、us of older males D） estimates on the homeless population 【答案及详解】 答案：C C D A B Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stre
23、ssful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles （困难） .People with strong social ties live longer and have better heal
24、th than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off （挡开）illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely. Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First
25、, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second,other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find
26、solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting （转移注意力）us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial a
27、id, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. 1. Interpersonal relationships are important because _. A） they are indispensable to peoples social well-being B） they awaken peoples desire to exchange resources C ） they help people to
28、cope with life in the information era D） they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc 2. Research shows that peoples physical and mental health _. A） relies on the social welfare systems which support them B） has much to do with the amount of support they get from others C） depends
29、on their ability to deal with daily worries and troubles D） is closely related to their strength for coping with major changes in their lives 3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “cushions” （Line 1, Para. 2）? A） Adds up to. B） Does away with. C） Lessens the effect of. D） Lays
30、the foundation for. 4. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of _. A） instrumental support B） informational support C） social companionship D） the strengthening of self-respect 5. Social companionship is beneficial in that _. A） it helps strengthen our ties with relatives B） it
31、 enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakes C） it makes our leisure-time activities more enjoyable D） it draws our attention away from our worries and troubles 答案： 1. A 2. B 3. C 4.A 5. DIn the age of a global economy and an information society, the world is now seeking a new economic pattern b
32、eyond traditional capitalism and socialism. As the influence of Japan in the world economy becomes greater, Japanese companies will necessarily be globalized in a “borderless“ economy. There are two aspects to the information revolution.The first is rapid technologic innovation in various fields suc
33、h as microelectronics, new materials and biotechnology. The second is the reorganization of industrial structure. These environmental changes require the Japanese economy to be a driving force of technological innovation and to create new business and new employment opportunities. Japanese companies
34、 should meet requirements not only to survive themselves, but also to lead the new industrial revolution throughout the world. We can say that the concept of HES proposes a new economic system which Japan has actually developed in the process of adaptation to a changing environment. HES is a system
35、that can integrateboth the efficiency of capitalistic competition and the equality of socialistic democracy. It is a system that can resolve the internal contradiction of both the systems of capitalism and socialism, in which power is concentrated in minoritythe capitalists or the central government
36、. Moreover, HES is a system of high productivity, which the Japanese economy demonstrates. In Japan, there seems to have been an invisible principle of “coexistence of opposites. “ Historically, Japan has allowed the coexistence of various religions such as Shintoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism
37、and Christianity. In the process of modernization after the Meiji Restoration, Japan has incorporated Western science and technology onto the Eastern spiritual culture. Since the Second World War, Japan has built a cooperative relationship between management and labor unions. Today, Japan is trying
38、to synthesize capitalism and socialism into a new economic system. 1. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is A. New Economic Pattern of the 21st Century B. The Influence of Japan on the World Economy C. A Global Economy and an Information Society D. A System of High Product
39、ivity 2. In the 2nd paragraph, the word “borderless“ could best be replaced by which of the following? A. lack of border B. edgeless C. international. D. global 3. The phrase “These requirements“ in Paragraph 2 means A. environmental changes B. rapid technological innovation and reorganization of in
40、dustrial structure C. the Japanese economy to be driving force of technological innovation and to create new business and new employment opportunities D. two aspects of information revolution 中 华 考 试 网4. HES is a system_. A. that is a mixture of capitalism and socialism B. whose concept has been cre
41、ated by a changing environment of the world C. in which Japanese productivity is high D. in which power is concentrated in a minority 5. In Japan, an invisible principle of “coexistence of opposites“ is shown in the passage in _ respects. A. two B. three C. four D. five 答案： 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C
42、As the 11 of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is a natural part of everyday life and t
43、here is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often 12 to be. A certain amount of stress is 13 to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor 14 and ill health. The amount of stress a person can 15 depends
44、very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are 16 prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of 17 difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make ch
45、oice between “fight“ or “flight“ and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so 18 , but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued 19 to stress,
46、that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot 20 stress from our lives(it would be unwise to do so even if we could) , we need to find ways to deal with it. A. cancel B. pace C. extreme D. automati
47、callyE. remove F. vital G. performance H. supposedI. rate J. exposure K. achievement L. unusualM obviously N withstand O harsh When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as _71_ announcers were able to be equally effective _72_ . Some of the difficulties they
48、 experienced when they were trying to _73_ themselves to the new medium were technical. When _74_ on radio, for example, they had become _75_ to seeing on behalf of the listener. This art of seeing for others _76_ that the announcer has to be very good _77_ talking. Above all, he has to be able to _
49、78_ a continuous sequence (序列) of visual (视觉的) images which add meaning _79_ the round the listener hears. In the _80_ of television, however, the announcer sees _81_ with the viewer. His duty, _82_, is completely different. He is there to make _83_ that the viewer does not _84_ any point of interest, to help him focus _85_ particular things, and to help him _86_ the images on the television screen. _87_ his radio colleague, he must know the _88_ of silence a
