1、1牛津高中英语语法复习（模块 1-模块 4）语法复习一：定语从句（一）定义1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用.2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词 antecedent1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.先行词 关系代词 定语从句2) You must do everything that I do.先行词 关系代词 定语从句(二)：关系代词的作用; 1.连接主句和从句。2.代表被修饰的先行词。3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。eg. This is the room
2、 which I lived in last year.先行词 关系代词 定语从句(三)：定语从句中有 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as.关系副词 when, where, why 等引导定语从句。（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。词行 先行词 充当成分who 人 主、宾、表Whom 人 宾That 人若是指集体中的各个成员，则用 who。Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were wat
3、ching TV then.Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting.(3)当先行词有较长的 后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词 who Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.(4) 当先行词用-body 或-one 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用 who Wed better not believe in anyone who we dont know.(5) 当先行词是一个
4、限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用 who The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brothers sister.（七）“介词关系代词“ 是一个普遍使用的结构(1)“介词关系代词“ 可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用 whom 或 which,不可用 that 。其中 whom 代表人，which 代表物Who is the comrade with whom y
5、ou shook hands?He works in a factory, in front of which there is a riverGive me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover)He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher.This is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bicycle.(2) from
6、 where 为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。例如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town（3）*关系代词前的介词如何确定？A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)7C.根据所表达的
7、意思确定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.(4)*注意关系代词的位置介词在关系代词前时，只能用 which 和 whom 不能用 that 代替，也不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可 which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且还可以省略。 This is the drawer in which I put my letters.= This is the drawer (wh
8、ich/that )I put my letters in.Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning?所以一个句子有时有多种用法如：那就是他工作的大学This is the college at which he works.This is the college that/which he works at. This is the college where he wo
9、rks. 但像 listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of 等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.This is the book which /that I am looking for.This is the girl I have been looking for the whole afternoon.（八） whose 引导从句的意义1）指人=of whom 表示所修饰的“某（些）人的用做所修饰的先
10、行词的所有格。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.2) 指物=of which 表所修饰的“某物的“I live in the room whose window faces south.I live in the room, the window of which faces south( whose +从句 可以用“of which +从句”代替)（九）As 与 which 是有区别的A) 相同之处： 都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。which 可做宾语或表语He failed once more
11、 in the match, which was a great pity.He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy.B) 区别：1）as 引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但 which 所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：1) As we all know, Galileos theory of falling objects is right.= Galileos theory of falling objects, as we all
12、 know, is right= Galileos theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village3) As is expected, the England team won the football match.4) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.5) He was late again, which made me un
13、happy6) As you know, he is good at English.2.） as 有“如” 、“正如 ”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which 没有。后面的谓语动词多是 see, know, expect, say, mention, report 等。Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected.8Our team won the game, which made us happy.As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.We are facing the same problems
14、as we did years ago.We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.We hope to get such a tool as he is using.We hope to get the tool which he is using.3.) as 在引导限制性定语从句多与 such 或 the same 连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。the sameas such.asThis is the same story as he told me.I hope to get such a book as he is
15、using4).as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于 which。可代表一个句子。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.5).as 做主语时， 其后必跟系动词，而 which 无此限制The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted.He was murdered, as seemed true.6)as 引导从句时，从句语义必须和主句一致She was married again, which was unexpectedShe was married a
16、gain, as was unexpected 77）the same as 与 the same that 的区别： 前者修饰的是原物同样的而后者修饰的就是先行词This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。This is the dame watch that I lost.着就是我丢的那一只手表。（十）什么时候 that 可以省略？1) 引导同位语从句，主语从句，表语从句不能省略，且不做成分。The name “ whitewater ”comes from the fact that the water in these streams
17、 and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.Its known to all that light travels in straight lines. ( that 置后可一省略)The reason for his absence was that he was ill. ( 有时可省，一般不省)2）宾语从句中可以省略I dont think (that) you are right.3）that 只有在定语从句中做成分，可做主、宾、表语。（十一）关系代词做主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词而不是关系代词。I want to see the
18、film that is on show.The students who dont study hard will not pas the exam.(十二)one of the 与 the one of the 做先行词时谓语不一致。Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China.Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China.This is one of the books that I have been written in Chi
19、nese.This is the only one of the books that has been written in Chinese.He is one of the boys who are willing to do it.He is the only one of the boys who is willing to do it.（十三）关系副词引导的定语从句1关系副词也可以引导定语从句关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词 when 在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why 充当原因状语。1)when 表示时间 , 充当时间状语 when=on/ in
20、/ of /at+which9I still remember the day when I join the partyI will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.但注意 ：1.当先行词是表地点：place ,room, mountain, airport 等时间：time, day, year, month, week,等原因：reason 等名词时,并且分别在句中做地点、时间、原因状语时，应用 where ,when ,why 引导。但是如果如果表示时间地点原因的名词不做状语，而是做主语，宾语，或者表语时，必须用关系代
21、词 that /which 来引导而不是用 where 等。I still remember the day that we spent together。May 1 is the day that I will never forget。The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had l
22、eft and disappeared in the crowd.Is this the reason that he gave us for being late? This is the factory that we visitedThat is the house that he lived inThe place that we had been to was far.The shop that /which we saw is beautiful.2.当先行词为 by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first time
23、,the last time 时，关系词不用 when而用 that.或省略This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.The first time I saw him was in 1980By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics但如果 time 前无修饰语,关系词用 that when 均可I will never forgot the time when (that) we met for the first time.3. 当先行词为 way 时，关系
24、词用 in which ,that, 或省略.This is the way that/ in which / 不加 he smiles.但注意： 4.why 表示原因（现行词只有一个 reason），做原因状语。 Why= for whichThat is the reason why he was late.（十四）学生容易出现的问题。1. 在定语从句中多加了宾语，如：Some of the boys I invited them didnt come.Some of the boys I invited didnt come.Is this the horse you drew it y
25、esterday?Is this the horse you drew yesterday?2. 把定语从句的动词的单复数弄错。Those who has finished may leave the classroom now.They key opens the room is missing.Those who have finished may leave the classroom now.This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.This is one of the rivers in China which
26、flows northward. 3. 省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth. Children who eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.They key opens the room is missing. They key which/that opens the room is missing.104. 定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或者是介词。The house where he lives in needs repairing.The house w
27、here he lives needs repairing. The house which/that he lives in needs repairing.This is the time at when hes more likely to be in. This is the time when hes more likely to be in. This is the time at which hes more likely to be in.（十五）代有插入语的定语从句 who 与 whom 的选用。担主语成分时用 who ,担 宾格成分时用 whom方法：要区分是定语从句中的插
28、入语还是主谓结构。Jason is a man who (I believed) is honest.(去掉仍成立)Jason is a man whom I believe to be honest.做宾语The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.The girl who we supposed to be drowned came back.（十六）什么时候宜用非限制性定语从句1） 当先行词是专有名词时，通常用非限制性定语从句，它本身就具有特殊性，无需在加限定。Shenzhen, which is in South China, is d
29、eveloping rapidly.My house, which I bought last year, has got a garden .Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.2) 当先行词是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一个，但跟非限制从句时则表示唯一的一个，compare:Her room has a window which faces south.Her room has a window, which faces south.I have a brother who is working in Be
30、ijing.I have a brother, who is working in Beijing.3.当先行词表示类属意义，即表示某类动物，事物或人时，其后所跟的定语从句一般是非限制性的。A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all over the world.语法复习二：动词时态1 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes, a
31、t , on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so m
32、uch.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.11比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now 是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。2 一般过去时的用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：
33、yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。Where did you go just now?2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth “到时间了“ “该了“It is time
34、 sb. did sth. “时间已迟了 “ “早该了“It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事Id rather you came tomorrow.4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christine
35、 was an invalid all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。)Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did y
36、ou want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情态动词 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?3 used to / be used to used to + do：“过去常常“表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. ( 过去常常散步)be used to + doing： 对 已感到习惯，或“习惯于“，to 是介词，后需加名词或动名词。He is used
37、 to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)典型例题 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.12- Its 69568442. A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant答案 A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。4 一般将来时 1) shall 用于第一人称，常被 will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragr
38、aph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?b. 计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to
39、 discuss the report next Saturday.4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5 be going to / will 用于条件句时， be going to 表将来will 表意愿If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you wi
40、ll take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6 be to 和 be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)7 一般现在时表将来 1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start,
41、 begin, return 的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在时间或条件句中。When Bill comes (不是 will come), ask him to wait for m
42、e.Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在动词 hope, take care that, make sure that 等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.138 用现在进行时表示将来 意为：“意图“、“打算“、“安排“、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay 等。Im leaving tomorrow. Are
43、 you staying here till next week?9 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。10 比较过去时与现在完成时 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week，ago,
44、in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语共同的时间状语: this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, k
45、now. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等。举例：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。She r
46、eturned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined 为短暂行为。)I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White?-Hes already been sent for. 句子中如有过去时
47、的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.1411 用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time
48、that the boy had been late.2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题(1) -Do you know our town at all? - No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案
49、B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选 B。(2) -Have you _ been to our town before?-No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come答案 D. ever 意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为 never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.12 比较 sinc
