1、语 音 知 识语 音 的 几 个 基 本 概 念 、 元 音 及 辅 音语言是人类进行社会交往和思想交流的重要工具。语言是由语音、词汇和语法三部分构成。语音是语言教学的基础，更是外语学习的第一步，跨不出这一步，听说读写能力的培养便是空中楼阁。因此，要想说好英语，应该掌握一定的语音知识。语音学习包括单音（48 个国际音标）、单词重音、语句重音、节奏、音的连读、弱读、爆破及语调等。英语语音各有各的规律，但也有例外现象。下面是总结的有关语音方面的一些基本知识，希望能对大家的英语学习有一点帮助。1关于语音的几个基本的概念1)字母：语言的书写形式。五个元音字母 a, e, i, o, u,2)音标：词的
2、语音形式。3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有 48 音素。4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。音节的核心是元音，一个单词中有几个元音，就有几个音节。但少数辅音字母， 如 l, m, n 也可同前面的辅音字母构成一个音节。音节可分为开音节和闭音节。（详见下面）5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不受阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有 20 个元音。6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有 28 个辅音。7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e 如：name，bike b) 辅音+元音如：he, go, hi8)闭音节：辅音+元音+辅音如：bad, bed
3、, sit, hot, cup 9)重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。2. 元音：1)i: sea, he, see, piece, ceiling 2)i sit, build, miss, myth 3)e bed, desk, head, 4) bad, land, bank, stamp 5)a: car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt 6) hot, want 7) : door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught 8)u: good, who, blue, soup, 9)
4、 look, put, women, could 10) cup, come, blood, rough 11) girl, work, serve, nurse 12) cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday 13)ei cake, they, play, eight, great, 14)ai bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye 15) phone, cold, boat, soul, grow 16) house, town 17) i boy
5、, oil 18) dear, idea, deer, here, fierce, 19) pear, care, there, fair 20) tour, poor,3. 容易混淆的元音1)e bedbad;men, man;pen, pan;lend land 2)i: ei realrail;greet, great;mean, main;read raid 3)e ai bet bite;red write;said side,head, hide 4) : house horse;loud lord;south sauce;now nor;count corn; cloud cla
6、use 5) found fond;gown gone;down don4. 辅音1)ppen,paper,people,panda 2)bbed, comb bad,bee 3)ttell,tall,talk,tail 4)d, day, played, wanted 5)kcold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box 6)gbig, go, guess, language 7)mman map,make,milk 8)nnine, knife, autumn 9) bank, uncle, English, sing, 10)l land, wor
7、ld like,nail 11)r read, write, right,red 12)f five, cough, laugh 13)v voice, of love, 14) think, thing, 15) this, bathe 16)ssit, miss, science, case, scarf 17)zzoo, close, 18) sure, she, social, nation 19)t pleasure, 20)hhot, who, hour 21)wwall, what, answer 22)jyes yet,yestoday 23) child, teach, ca
8、tch 24) joke, bridge, 25)ts boats students, 26)dz goods woods,beds27)tr tree try,trip28)dr dream ,dry 5. 容易混淆的辅音1)v w vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well 2)s sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math 3)z closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes 4)n thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win w
9、ing; ran rang 读 音 规 则 及 重 音1. 读音规则1)重读音节(见语音知识(四)元音和辅音的例词)2)非重读音节 banana, student, today, after,i orange, secret, evening, very, Monday 2. 特殊读音1)音的连读：前面的词以辅音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all2)失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如：good gi
10、rl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme3)音的同化：两个特殊的音碰到一起，会发出变异成特殊的音。例如：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Cant you see it? last year, this year3. 重音重音可分为单词重音和句子重音两种。1)单词重音英语单词由于音节的数量不一，就出现了读起来有轻有重的现象。一般来说，每个单词都有一个音节是重读的，称重读音节；其余的音节不重读，称非重读音节。但有的多音节词，除了一个重读音节之外，还有一个次重读音节。(A)单音节词单
11、音节必须重读，不标符号。(B)双音节词a)一般在第一个音节重读。如：letter, sorryb)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。例如:about, believe, address, decide report,condemn, espect, compare, inform, discuss, impress, mistake, enforce, prepare, employ, p
12、ermit, escape, produce, exclaim,translate c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre-等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。record, record; insult, insult; conduct, conduct; present present; content, content d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词有两个重音。outside, retell, well-known, unreal, fifteen, Chine
13、se, pre-war, post-war (C)多音节词a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。difficult, communist, family, economy,opportunity, democracy. b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。例如:carefully, indefinite, comfortable, conductor, according, sturbance, complicated,establishment, c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient,
14、 -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。例如:courteous, calligraphy, editorial, historian, periodic,athematics, experience, sufficient, identify, translation, religious, curiosity, protective d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。例如: entertain, employee, mountaineer, Japan
15、ese, cigarette 2)句子重音A)英语的节奏：（轻)-轻-重-轻-（轻)或重-轻-（轻)（轻)重B)英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。C)实词重读（副词重读)，虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词(be)D)实词不重读的特殊情况a)实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks. b)一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station. c) 代替词 Which book
16、do you want? The small one. d)感叹词中的 what 和 howWhat a good day it is! How beautiful she is! e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.f) this 在这些短语中， this morning/afternoon/eveningE) 虚词重读的特殊情况a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词 be 在句首，句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I
17、 dont like you. He isnt a worker. b)情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。They may come this evening.Can it be five already? He must be in the room. c)介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with. d)引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, Ill visit you. When he comes, Ill tell him. e)反身代词表示强调。He couldnt come h
18、imself. 介 词介词是虚词，不能单独充当句子成分、必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词或代词的其它类词，短语） 构成介词短语在句子中充当一个句子成分。介词有许多，下面就初学者应知应会的几个常用介词介紹如下：一、常用介词基本用法：（this,that,last,next,every 前常不用介词）at:1 .表时间 at noon, at midnight； at seven oclock2. 地点(小地方) at the doctors arrive； at the airport.3. 位置 在的旁边 at the gate； at the table /window4. 方向 He thr
19、ew the stone at the dog. Shout at sb. 5. 表示引起某种情绪的原因 Jack was sad at the news.6. 速度 at a high speed； at a speed of 50 miles an hour7. 价格 at a high/low price；at a price of 30 yuan.in:1. 时间 in 1978； in the morning2. 地点 in America； in the country； arrive in (大地点)3. 穿着 the girl in red (颜色)4. 用语言 in Engl
20、ish5. 用(方式,颜色)书写 Pease write it in ink / pen.on:1. 具体某一天 on Monday, on a rainy morning, on May 12. 在上(面的接触) on the table, on bed3. 关于 a book on science 与 about 区分 (较轻松的内容) 4. 从事 on duty；on business；on holiday5.在(接近的)地方 a house on the river,6. 指,朝,向 on the right / left7. 在(交通工具)上, 用方式 on the train /
21、plane / footfor:1. 一段时间 for six years；for an hour2. 目的 I went home for the umbrella.3. 目标 开往 This is the train for Beijing. I will leave for America tomorrow.4. 为谁.的 Here is a letter for you.Father bought a story book for me .5. 花费金钱买 I bought this computer for 5000 yuan.6. 意为,表示 Whats the English f
22、or “机器人”？About ;1. 在周围 I lost my key about the school gate.(round = about)2. 关于 a story about Lei Feng.3. 大约 Its about 3 now.4. 到处 We walked about the town on Sunday.5. 关于怎么样 Im going to have an ice-cream. What about you?after:1. (时间上-)在之后 Lets have a walk after supper.2. (位置上) 在之后 Shut the door aft
23、er you.3. 仿照 Read after me.4. 追赶 The dog ran after me .5. 依次序 Tuesday comes after Monday.by: 1. .在旁边 There is a school by the river. 2. 在前(不迟于) I will be here by 3 oclock3. 由 (被动语态) The window was broken by the naughty boy. 4 乘坐 ,靠方式 by ship ; by bus ; by plane (但 on foot)He makes a living by fishin
24、g.5 逐次 day by day; one by one. with; 1. 和一起 I eat my lunch with my friend .2. 用 Cut it with a knife.3. 原因 with pleasure / its my pleasure4. 穿戴 She is a girl with glasses.5. 有 China is a country with a long history.注意事项: 区分以下各组词的用法1. 早, 中, 晚的时间表达中, 注意区分 in 和 on 的用法。In the morning / afternoon/ evening
25、 泛指，on 特指，用于以下几种情况：on Monday morning (星期)，on the evening of October 1 (日期)，on a rainy (天气情况) afternoon2. for 加时间段，since 加时间点。for a long time, since yesterday3. though (空间park, forest) 贯穿，通过 across 横跨 over 与动词连用表“越过”4. between 二者之间 among 三者或三者以上。The girl is sitting between her mother and father.The v
26、illage is among the mountains.5. at 加小地点, in 加大地点 arrive at the airport in Beijing.6. by 加交通工具时无冠词, on, in 加冠词或物主代词。by car, in my fathers car.7. in 和 after 都可以表示“之后”, 但 in 要用于将来时, after 用于过去时二、常用介词辩析1 in ; to ; on 都可用于表示方位,但in 表示在某一范围内:(位置) in the classroom: in my bagto 表示在某一范围外:(方向): go to Bejing g
27、o to the air porton 表示”比邻”“靠近” Jilin lies in the north of Liaoning.2 by, with ,in, on/over 均可表示用. . . 但by 表示方法、手段、 交通工具 Jim goes to school by bus every day.with 表示用具体的工具 Does the foreign student eat with chopstics?in 表示用语言、材料、文字等 Lin-Lin can write a letter in English.on/over 表示使用通讯手段 Ben learnt the
28、Chinese song on /over the radio. 3 besides, except, but 表示除了. . . besides: 表示除了的事物包含于整体内All the others went to the cinema besides me. 除了我,所有其他同学也去看电影了。（包含我）except: 表除了的事物不包含于整体内 e All the students finished the homework except me. 除了我，所有的学生都完成了作业。（我没完成）but: 使用 but 时，前面一定有否定词There is nothing in the ro
29、om but a desk. 除了一张桌子，房间里什么也没有。4.across 与 throughacoss 表示跨过,跃过,横跨(路,河,桥)Be careful when you run across the street.Through 表示从中间穿过(门,空气,水,房间等)We walked through the forest.5 in,after, 表示”以后”in 后通常加一段时间(常用于过去时或将来时)Father will be back in two weeks.After 通常跟时间点(常用于过去时或将来时)She will leave for Beijing after
30、 five oclock.6 above,over on On 表示两者接触,反意词 under There is a book on the desk. ( 接触 )Over 表示两者不接触但有(垂直关系) ,反意词为 underThere iis a bridge over the river.Above 二者无接触,无垂直关系,反意词为 belowThe plane flew above us.7. by; beside 都表示靠近,但 beside 比 by 的位置更确定He is standing beside our teacher.Thereis a hotel by the r
31、iver.8.in the end ,at the end of , by the endin the end “最后”= at last 后面不接任何词All the soldiers were dead in the end.at the end of “在的结尾”,常用于过去时和将来时He will come back at the end of July.by the end of “直到结束”，常用于过去完成时He had finished it by the end of May.9 .in front, in front of , in the front of in front
32、 在前面，后面不加任何词She is in front .他在前面。in front of 在一个整体外部的前面There is a tree in front of the room.in the front of 在一个整体内部的前面There is a big desk in the front of the classroom.10. be made of、be made from、be made in、be made forbe made of 由制成，从表面可看出材料The desks and chairs are made of wood.be made from 由制成，从表面
33、看不出材料What is it made fom?be made in 在哪制成，后面接地点It is made in China.be made for 为制成，后面接人This suit is made for you.三、常与某些动词搭配使用的介词及常用介词短语learnby heart 用心记 by accident 偶然 by chance 碰巧 by the way 顺便提一下be made of / by / in由制成 / 在哪制成 as usual 像平常一样 what/how about 怎么样 ask for 要求talk about 谈论某事 call on 拜访某人
34、look for 寻找 wait for 等候stay with sb 和某人呆在一起 depend on 依靠 agree with 同意 complain about 抱怨某事give in 屈服 go over 复习 be good at 擅长 be afraid of 恐惧be proud of 引以为容 be kind to 对友好 be famous for 因而闻名 be full of 充满be filled with 装满 be late for 迟到 be different from 与不同 the same as 相同at least 至少 at last 最后 at
35、present 现在 for a while 一会in time 及时 on time 按时 on ones way to 在去往的途中 on the right/ left 在左/右边thank sb for sth 因某事感谢某人help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事 do well in 擅长 go on 继续laugh at 嘲笑某人 leave for 去往 hear from 收到某人来信 hear of 听说learn from 向某人学习 talk to /about 与某人谈话 / 谈论 speak to 对某人说话 shout at 向某人大喊turn on/of
36、f 打开/关闭 begin with 以开始 belong to 属于 put up / down 举起 / 放下send for 派人去请 , 带走 turn into 变成 take off 脱掉、起飞 listen to 听 write to 给某人写信 smile at 向某人微笑 in front of 在前面 at the meeting 在会议上in bed 卧床 with a smile 微笑着 in a hurry 匆忙地 at least 至少in the sun 在阳光下 in surprise 惊讶地 at once 立刻 at the same time 同时day
37、by day 一天一天地 in fact 实际上 in a word 总之 in order to 为了on top of 在顶上 in public 公开地 to ones surprise / joy 令某人惊讶人 /高兴的是 at the foot of 在脚下at work 在工作 by hand 手工 one by one 一个接一个地 in a low voice 小声地in trouble 遇到困难 in the street 在大街上 in a short while 一小会 on duty 值日be born in 生于 be angry / pleased with 对很生
38、气 / 满意 be tired of 讨厌 be strict in sth with sb 在某方面对某人严格要求look forward to 盼望 get down to 开始做 catch up with 赶上 take part in 参加be busy with 忙于做 go to bed 睡觉 be used to 习惯于 say hello to 向问好四、经典例题解析1. There is going to a report Chinese history in our school this evening .A. have ,on B. be, on C. have, f
39、or D. be, of 本题是 There be 句型的将来时，“关于某一学科方面”用介词 on 。故选 B2. Jack. Will you be home to see the children before they go to bed?- No problem.A. on time B. in time C. at times D. at the same time 本题旨于区分 time 的介词词组。On time 为按时、准时；而 in time 为即时。选 A. 3. Its getting dark. Please the light.A. turn off B. turn
40、on C. turn down D turn up 本题考察 turn 与不同的介词的搭配。Turn on 为打开，依题意“天黑了”选 B 4. Meimei is better than me singing.A. on B. to C. at D. for 依题应为“梅梅比我擅长唱歌”之意，be good at 擅长， 所以选 C 五、练习1. I was born July 2, and my birthday is coming soon.A. for B. at C. in D. on 2. The foreigners arrived Shanghai late night.A.
41、at ,at B. in , at C. in, in D. at , in 3. The book was written English.A. in B. with C. from D. by 4. The foreigners have visited many places of interest the west of China.A. to B. on C. at D. in 5. Dont tell anybody about it . Keep it you and me.A. among B. between C. in D. with 6. He came back ver
42、y late Saturday evening.A. in B. on C at D for 7. - What did Mary have breakfast this morning?-She was late for school and hurried off breakfast.A. for ,without B. at , without C. for, after D. at , after 8. Our teachers are getting on well us .We all like them.A. for B. with C. in D. about 9. The b
43、oys green sports shirts are the fans of Guoan Team.A. with B. in C. at D. from 10. Why couldnt you get to Hong Kong that night?-Because 10:30 all the trains had left the station. A. of B. at C. by D. until 11. Show me the letter, please.- Which one ? The one pencil?A. with B. without C. in D under 1
44、2. Kate is short Catherine.A. for B. in C. to D. with 13. Your daughter is very ill. Have you a doctor?A. sent for B. heard from C. paid for D looked after 14. Its clear that fish cannot live water.A. with B. without C. in D. under 15. There are so many wrong ideas Japanese history textbooks.A. on B
45、. in C. with D. of 参考答案1-5 D B A D B 6-10 B A B B C 11-15 C A A B B名 词 复 数 的 规 则 变 化一名词复数的规则变化情况 构成方法 读音 例词一般情况 加 s 清辅音后读/s/浊辅音后和元音后读/z/map-mapscar-cars以 s,sh,ch,x 等结尾 加 es 读/iz/ box-boxesclass-classes以 ce,se,ze 等结尾 加 s 读/iz/ license-licenses以辅音字母+y 结尾 变 y 为 i 再加 es 读/iz/ baby-babies二其他复数的规则变化1） 以 y
46、 结尾的专有名词或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加 s 变复数。例如： the Henrys monkey-monkeys2） 以 o 结尾的名词,变复数时：a. 加 s,如： photo-photos piano-pianosb. 加 es,如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoesc. 上述 a 和 b 两种方法均可,如 zero-zeros / zeroes. 3） 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时：a. 加 s,如： belief-beliefs roof-roofsb. 去掉 f,fe 加 ves,如：half-halves knife-knive
47、sc. 上述 a 和 b 两种方法均可,如 handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves.三名词复数的不规则变化 1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth 注意:：由一个词加 man 或 woman 构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women,如 an Englishman,two Englishmen.但 German 不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman 是姓,其复数是 the Bowmans.2）单复同形,如 deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li
48、,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。3）集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如：people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。4） 以 s 结尾,仍为单数的名词,如：a. maths,politics,physics 等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。b. news 为不可数名词。c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。5） 表示由两部分构成的东西,如：glasses trou
