1、 河北师范大学硕士学位论文纽约时报关于中国猪流感报道中语法隐喻的批评话语分析姓名：史晓靖申请学位级别：硕士专业：英语语言文学指导教师：唐丽萍20100401摘要批评话语分析旨在通过对语言现象的分析来揭示语言、社会以及意识形态之间的关系，尤其是那些人们习以为常的偏见、歧视和对事实的歪曲。本文以费尔克劳夫提出的三维理论框架为理论基础，以韩礼德的语法隐喻理论为话语分析工具，以纽约时报中 15篇对中国猪流感防治政策和措施的报道为语料，通过对语篇中概念隐喻和人际隐喻的分析，来揭露新闻报道背后的意识形态意义，帮助读者透过语言现象看清报道的本质，分析形成这种报道的原因，并提出中国应采取什么措施，更有力的维护
2、中国在美国新闻媒体中的形象，以促使美国媒体对中国的报道向客观和公正的方向转变。从而一方面拓展语法隐喻在批评话语分析中的应用，一方面对国家形象的良好建构提出启示。本文由五部分组成。第一章概述了论文的研究目的，研究意义，研究方法和章节安排。第二章回顾了国内外学者对新闻报道的批评性分析研究以及作者从中得到的启发。第三章是简述了本文的所采用的理论框架和语篇分析工具。第四章以语法隐喻为分析工具对所收集的语料进行了分析，并以费尔克劳夫的三维理论为框架展开了讨论。第五章得出结论，指出语法隐喻在新闻报道中所起的作用以及报道者的意识形态因素是不公正报道的根本原因所在，并指出本文在研究中的不足之处和进一步的研究方
3、向。关键词：批评话语分析 意识形态 语法隐喻 猪流感v .AbstractCritical Discourse Analysis aims to expose the relationship between language, societyand underlying ideology through analyzing the linguistic phenomenon, especially theprejudice, discrimination and the distorted facts which are taken for granted by people.By draw
4、ing on Faircloughs three-dimensional model and the analytical tool ofHallidays Grammatical Metaphor, this thesis endeavors to expose the hidden ideology inthe 15 news reports in The New York Times, which are concerned about the policies andmeasures of prevention and cure when facing Swine flu throug
5、h the analysis of ideationaland interpersonal grammatical metaphors, thus help the readers see through the appearanceof language to perceive the essence. Furthermore, the researcher tries to summary theimage of China in the Americans eyes and analyzes the reasons for such reports. Finally,she assume
6、s some suggestions to protect the image of China in American media andconsequently, this may urge the U.S. reports to be objective and fair. Thereby the presentresearch extends the research area of CDA and, on the other hand, proposes somesuggestions to construing Chinas image.The thesis consists of
7、 five chapters. Chapter one is an introduction of the aims,significance and methodology of the research. Chapter two reviews the previous CDAstudies of news reports at home and abroad and from this part the author got the inspirationof this research. In Chapter three, the framework and analytical to
8、ol of the thesis areintroduced. In Chapter four the 15 pieces of news in the corpus are analyzed by drawing onGM and then Faircloughs three-dimensional model is followed to make a discussion. Theconclusion is given in Chapter 5. The author makes a summary of the functions GM playedin news reporting
9、and points out that the root cause of the prejudiced reports is theideological factors. The limitations and research direction are presented in the end.Key words: Critical Discourse Analysis Grammatical Metaphorideology swine-fluiv .List of Figures and TablesFigure 3.1: Discourse as text, discursive
10、 practiceand social practice (Fairclough, 1992:73).21Figure 3.2: Discourse as text, interaction and context(Fairclough, 1989:25)22Figure 3.3: Two perspectives on metaphor (Halliday, 1994:342)23Figure 3.4: Giving or demanding, goods- Benke, 2000). Itconcentrates not only “what” language is but also “
11、why” and “how” the discourses areproduced. CDA takes an interest in not only what the meaning of the discourse is but alsohow that meaning is produced. It aims to shed light on what the influences ideology exertson discourse, what the reaction the discourse has to ideology, and how does it originate
12、from social structure and power relations and in turn serve them.2.1.1 Studies abroad2.1.1.1 Development of CDAAccording to Chen Zhongzhu, the development of CDA can be divided into fourperiods: the sprouting period (1976-1979), the stagnation period (1979-1985), theself-reflection period (1985-1987
13、) and the new development period (1988- ).2.1.1.1.1 The sprouting period (1976-1979)In 1970s, the main linguistic research elsewhere was focused on formal aspects oflanguage which constituted the linguistic competence of speakers and which couldtheoretically be isolated from specific instances of la
14、nguage use (Chomsky, 1957). Muchsociolinguistic research at the time was aimed at structures of communicative interaction,with limited attention to issues of social hierarchy and power (Labov, 1992; Hymes, 1972).That period saw the emergence of media study in Great Britain. In 1976, the famous media
15、5 .researchers in Douglas University published a paper on the “bad news“ in TV news. Theyfound out that in the seemingly justifiable industrial news, there always exist a lot of biasedreports which are partial to the government and the industrial capitalists. Immediately afterthis beginning, many ot
16、her scholars like van Dijk began to put their research interest on themedia discourse from the perspective of critical method, because they all recognized therole of language in structuring power relations in society (Anthonissen, 2001). In 1979，agroup of scholars from the University of East Anglia：
17、Roger Fowler, Gunther Kress andTony Trew publicized a book entitled Language and Control. In this book, they introducedthe term “critical linguistics”, expounded the systemic functional grammar as thetheoretical foundation and also explained the analytic tools. From then on, the book wasregarded as
18、the milestone of CDA. It is the reason why this book is of great importance.From then on, critical linguistics (hereafter CL) came into being. In this book, Fowler andhis collaborators attempted to expose the relationship among language, power and ideologythrough text analysis and reveal how power,
19、control and inequality implicitly work in a text.Just as Fowler explained,Critical linguistics is mainly concerned with analyzing the way in which the language of a textencodes ideological meanings which are likely to escape the receivers notice. Fowler holdsthat “critical linguistics seeks, by stud
20、ying the minute details of linguistic structure in the lightof the social and historical situation of the text, to display to consciousness the patterns ofbelief and value which are encoded in the language-and which are below the threshold ofnote for anyone who accepts the discourse as natural”. (Fo
21、wler, R. Language in the News:Discourse and ideology in the press, London: Routledge, 1991，P67).The term CL is the former form of CDA. They are often used interchangeably. In recentyears, the term CDA has been preferred.2.1.1.1.2 The stagnation period (1979-1985)However, not long after the publicati
22、on of the book, CDA stepped into the stagnationperiod. Because the scholars was scattered all over the European Continent, the cooperationof the further academic study becomes impossible. Even Fowler himself took part in otheracademic activities, so there was no influential works or papers published
23、 in this period.6 .2.1.1.1.3 The self-reflection period (1985-1987)Fortunately, in 1985, Gunther Kress published another important work on CL. Whenhe wrote “Discourse, texts, readers, and the pro-nuclear arguments (Kress, 1985:58)”in theChilton volume, he clarifies the state of the theory and strong
24、ly advocates the application ofthe model. For Kress, “the effectiveness of critical linguistics, if it could be measured,would be seen primarily in its capacity to equip readers for demystificatory readings ofideology-laden texts.”(Fowler, 1987: 485) He emphasized the social functions of thisreader-
25、centered theory - to carry out the hidden ideological factors in the discourse.Soon after, Fowler returned to the theory and publicized two monographs: LinguisticCriticism (1986) and Notes on Critical Linguistics (1987).The former is an introduction ofhow to study a discourse critically and the latt
26、er emphasizes the necessity to improve theexisting theories and methodologies.2.1.1.1.4 The new development period (1988- )Since 1988, the prospects of CL developed towards two directions, because the twokey figures of CL diverged. Fowler published a monograph entitled Language in the news:discourse
27、 and ideology in the press, which focuses on critical study of discourse of aparticular genre. Then he was invited to edit The Linguistic Encyclopedia, in which theentry “critical linguistics” was included. Kress concentrated himself on the extension of CL- the application of CDA. (Kress, G.1990) Kr
28、ess published Social Semiotics (1998, withHodge), Reading Images: the Grammar of Visual Design (1990, with Leeuwen), and“Structures of Visual Representaclopediation” (1992, with Leeuwen).In particular, the publication of Faircloughs Language and Power (1989),Discourse and Social Change (1992) and Cr
29、itical Discourse Analysis (1995) can be seen asthe milestone in the development of CDA. The theoretical principles, the research goalsand the methodology of CDA were given more concrete explanations in these works. In1992, Fairclough developed an approach to language analysis for investigating chang
30、e inlanguage (Fairclough, 1992: 27). In 1995, he revised his three-dimension division ofdiscourse model and put forward the three-dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis model(1992: 98).7 .Meanwhile more and more scholars saw the prospects of the theory and began toextend CDA to other areas. In 1993
31、, van Dijk edited the magazine Discourse and Societyand in it he published “Monograph of Critical Discourse Analysis”. Till then theinternational fame of CDA had been firmly fixed. It is also in this period the scholars andexperts worldwide were diverged in four schools.The British School, with Roge
32、r Fowler, Gunther Kress, Robert Hodge, NormanFairclough and Theo van Leeuwen as the representatives, draws on Foucaults theory ofdiscourse and Hallidays systemic linguistic theory and social semiotics. The Dutch school,represented by van Dijk, adopts the cognitive approach to show how cognition mana
33、ges therelationship between ideology and discourse structures. German CDA, stronglyinfluenced by Foucaults concept of discourse, is represented by Maas and Jager. RuthWodak is the representative of the Vienna School. Although their methodologies are quitedifferent, they have a common objective which
34、 is to expose the inequalities in the societyand then endeavor to find ways to rectify this phenomenon.2.1.1.2 Key figures2.1.1.2.1 Kress and FowlerBoth the two figures are the initiators of critical linguistics. But they diverged in thelater development of CDA.As for Fowlers contributions, just as
35、Fowler himself explained, “I find myselftroubled by an awareness of difficulties, unclarities, and by the lack of a plan for furtherdevelopment. The original linguistic model, for all its tool ends, at least possessed a certaintheoretical and methodological compactness, and I think it is important n
36、ow to consolidateand develop this (essentially Halliday) model” (1987:484). So his works at that time mainlyconcentrated on consolidating and developing the existing theoretical and methodologicalaspects of critical linguistics.Kress seeks to extend the existing theory to other areas. He emphasizes
37、on thepractical application of CDA. As for media, he pays his attention on “political economy”:that is, “an attempt to understand how various societies values different modes ofrepresentation, and how they use these different modes of representation”. A central aspect8 .of this work is the attempt t
38、o understand the formation of the individual human being as asocial individual in response to available “representational resources” (Wodak, 2001a: 6).There are many basic assumptions of CL/CDA that were prominent in the early stages, andlater were elaborated in the development of the theory, were d
39、escribed in detail in Kressswork. (Ruth Wodak, 1989) Kress expounds the theoretical foundations and sources ofcritical linguistics. He also strongly advocates that critical linguistics is a distinct theory oflanguage and a quite different kind of linguistics. He lists the criteria which distinguish
40、thetheory from the other discourse analysis and later these criteria were taken by Faircloughand Wodak as the basic of their ten basic principles of CDA.2.1.1.2.2 Teun A. van DijkIn the earlier works of discourse analysis, van Dijk elaborates that texts anddiscourses are the basic units and social p
41、ractices. He considers that the study of discourseis closely related to the language processing. So he became interested in the psychologicalfactors of the production of discourses. Gradually, he proposed a cognitive model for“explaining the construction of meaning on a societal level”. (Wodak, 2001
42、:7)van Dijk, as the representative of the socio-cognitive model of CDA approach, puthis interest on media discourse later. He gives not only his own reflection oncommunication in the mass media (van Dijk, 1986), but also brings together the theoriesand applications of a variety of scholars intereste
43、d in the production, uses and functions ofmedia discourses(van Dijk, 1985). He tries to develop a theoretical model that will explaincognitive discourse processing mechanisms (Wodak and van Dijk, 2000). He insists that theproduction and understanding of a news discourse is a dynamic process. It is c
44、losely relatedto the writers and readers psychological factors. Recently, his research emphasis is on therelationship between language and ideology especially on the discourses encoded withracial prejudices.2.1.1.2.3 Ruth WodakWodak illustrates the most important characteristics of CDA and proposes
45、thediscourse-historical approach which “attempts to integrate a large quantity of available9 .knowledge about the historical sources and the background of the social and political fieldsin which discursive events are embedded”. (Wodak, 2001:65) She mainly concentrates onthe analysis of political dis
46、courses from the historical perspective. She insists that aninterdisciplinary research is required when talking about the complex relationship betweenlanguage and society, especially the historical and social aspects should be taken intoaccount. Later she attempts to establish an integrated theoreti
47、cal framework of CDA for thepolitical discourses.2.1.1.2.4 Norman FaircloughAmong the different approaches of CDA, Norman Faircloughs three dimensionalmodel based on Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar is adopted in many researchworks as the theoretical framework as well as in the present study. F
48、airclough explains andelaborates some advances in CDA, showing not only how the analytical framework forinvestigating language in relation to power and ideology developed, but also how CDA isuseful in disclosing the discursive nature of much contemporary social and cultural change.(Chouliariki and F
49、airclough, 1999) He also exposes the assumptions that the news reportsare all disinterested, and the media institutions are all neutral to be fallacy. Its aim is toraise the peoples critical awareness of the society through language. So histhree-dimensional model which is concerning language, power and ideology is preferablefor the researchers to analyze media discourse. In the present research, thethree-dimensional model is adopted and
