1、中考阅读理解直接理解性题目、理解语义理解性题目、逻辑推理性题目和归纳概括性题目解题方法及练习附详细解析同学们好，我们今天要一起研究的是直接理解性阅读理解题应该怎样解答，这类题的解题要点是找到问题中的关键词，根据所划的关键词到原文中找对应词：指出文章中与题中所划关键词的意思相反或相近对应词。该对应词可能与关键词相同也可能不同。对应词所在的句子或句子部分极可能包含解题信息的信息句。将该句认真阅读后，再将四个答案与此句内容对照后，就会发现有一答案的信息与信息句的信息大致相同，则该答案即为正确答案。 下面有一篇文章，希望同学们将讲解暂停，用 10 分钟将此题做完，然后对照讲解找到正确的答案。Passa
2、ge 1If you look at the sky one night and see something moving and shining that you have never seen before, it might be a comet (彗星).A comet sometimes looks like a star. Like a planet, a comet has no light of its own. It shines from the sunlight it reflects (反射). Like the earth, a comet goes round th
3、e sun, but on a much longer path (轨道) than the earth travels.If a comet isnt a star, what is it then?Some scientists think that a large part of a comet is water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with iron and rock dust and perhaps a few big pieces of rock. When sunshine melts (融化) the ice in the c
4、omet, great clouds of gas go trailing after it. These clouds, together with the dust, form a long tail.Many people perhaps have seen a comet. However no one knows how many comets there are. There may be millions of comets, but only a few come close enough for us to see.An Englishman named Edmund Hal
5、ley, who lived from 1656 to 1742, found out a lot about the paths that comets take through the sky. Some comets move out of our sight and never come back. Others keep coming back at regular times. A big comet that keeps coming back was named after Halley because he was the one who worked out when it
6、 would come back again. Maybe you have ever seen Halleys Comets because the last time it came close to the sun and the earth was in the year 1986. Then people all over the world were outside at night to look at it. You will probably be able to see Halleys Comets when it comes near the earth again.1.
7、A comet is like _.A. sun B. moon C. sunlight D. the earth2.A large part of a comet is _.A.water and rock B. water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with ironC. ice, iron and rock dust D. only a few big pieces of rock3.Maybe many people _.A. havent seen any comets B. have seen all cometsC. have see
8、n a comet at daytime D. have seen a comet4.Some comets keep coming back _.A. at any time B. at noon C. at regular times D. at daytime5.Halleys Comets came back _.A. in 1990 B. in 1980 C. in 1986 D. in 1989Passage 1【答案与解析】本文向我们介绍了有关彗星方面的知识。与地球一样，彗星也是绕太阳旋转的，它本身不发光，靠反射太阳的光而发亮。短文中还介绍了彗星的成因，它拖着的长尾巴是如何形成的
9、以及著名的哈雷彗星名字的由来。1.D。“Like the earth, a comet goes round the sun, but”是判断本题的根据。2.C。根据“is water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with iron and rock dust and perhaps a few big pieces of rock.”这句话即能得出答案。3.D。由第五段的首句“Many people perhaps have seen a comet.”可知。4.C。“Some comets move out of our sight and ne
10、ver come back. Others keep coming back at regular times.”一句是答案的出处。5.C。哈雷彗星每七十六年才能看到一次。再结合“the last time it came close to the sun and the earth was in the year 1986.”这句话的意思，即可得到答案。上面的五个问题我们都可以很容易的在原文找到对应的部分，这种题实际上是最不容易出错误的，因为只要你找到了对应句，即使有个别的单词不能理解，也能够答对，下面再来试一文章，看看你的准确率哦。Passage 2 A farmer had a cow.
11、 He took very good care of this cow and one day when it was ill, he was very worried. He telephoned the vet.“Whats the problem?” The vet asked him when he arrived.“My cows ill,” the farmer said. “I dont know whats the matter with her. Shes lying down and wont eat. Shes making a strange noise.”The ve
12、t looked over the cow. “Shes certainly ill,“ he said, “and she needs to take some very strong medicine.“He took a bottle out of his box, put two pills into his hand and said, “Give her these. The pills should make her better.“How should I give them to her?” the farmer asked.The vet gave him a tube (
13、管子)and said, “Put this tube in her mouth, then put the pills in the tube and blow. Thatll make it.“The next day the vet came to the farm again. The farmer was sitting outside his house and looked more worried.“Hows your cow?” the vet asked.“No change,” the farmer said, “and Im feeling very strange m
14、yself.”“Oh?” the vet said, “Why?“I did what you said,” the farmer answered. “I put the tube in the cows mouth and then put two pills down it.”“And?” the vet asked.“The cow blew first,” the farmer said.1.In the story, the vet must be _.A. the farmers friend B. a milk factory C. a hospital for cows D.
15、 a doctor for animals2.The farmer asked the vet for help when his cow _A. couldnt lie down B. didnt eat the pills C. couldnt make any noise D. was ill3.What medicine did the vet give the farmer?A. Bottle of pills. B. A long tube.C. Two pills. D. A small box.4.The vet taught the farmer how _.A. to bl
16、ow the tube B. to make the cow take the pillsC. to take the medicine D. to put the tube in his mouth5.Which of the following is true?A. The farmer ate the pills himself.B. The cow got better after taking the medicine.C. The vet came to help farmer change the cow the next day.D. The farmer waited for
17、 the vet outside his house the next day.Passage 2【答案与解析】这篇令人忍俊不禁的幽默的主要内容是：一个农夫的牛病倒了。兽医给了他一些药和一根管子，并告诉他怎么样用这根管子给牛喂药。第二天，兽医再次到农场时发现那位农夫坐在家门口，一脸的焦虑不安。原来他的牛病情并没有好转。他说自己按照兽医的嘱咐做了，可当他将管子插入牛的嘴里，并放进两粒药丸，正想吹气时，牛却先吹了一口气。1.D。根据短文内容，很容易推测出该词的汉语意思是“兽医”。答案当然是 D。2.D。由“Shes lying down and wont eat. Shes making a st
18、range noise.”可以排除 A 和 B。C 显然不对。3.C。“He took a bottle out of his box, put two pills into his hand”一句是答案的出处。4.B。 由“How should I give them to her?”这句话可知。5.A.根据短文最后一句话，不难想象，没等农夫吹气，牛先吹了一口气，将药丸吹到了农夫的嘴里。 做这样类型的题有一种小技巧，你可以在回答问题的时候同时把答案的相应部分用笔标出来，这样的好处有两个，一是提高准确率，二是当你觉得哪个答案有可能有误差的时候可以只针对那句话和它的上下文来判断，不必阅读整篇文章
19、。下面是两篇练习，看看你今天是否掌握了方法，一定要先做完再看答案和讲解哦。Passage 3On November 18th, 1908, three men went up in a balloon. They started early in London. The headman was Auguste Gaudron, and the other two men were Tannar and Maitland. They had a big balloon, and they were ready for a long way.Soon they heard the sea belo
20、w them. They were carrying the usual rope , and it was hanging down from the basket of the balloon. At the end of the rope they had tied a metal box. This could hold water. Or it could be empty. So they were able to change its weight. They were also carrying some bags of sand.After the sun rose, the
21、 balloon went higher. It went up to 3,000 meters, and the air was very cold. The water in the balloon became ice. Snow fell past the mens basket, and they could see more snow on the ground. There was also some snow on the balloon, and that made it very heavy. It began to go down towards the ground.
22、The men tried to throw out some more sand; but it was hard. They tried to break the icy sand with their knives, but it was not easy. The work was slow and they were still falling; so they had to drop some whole bags of sand. One of them fell on an icy lake below and made a black hole in the ice.At l
23、ast they pulled the box into the basket. It was still snowing; so they climbed to get away from the snow. They rose to 5,100 meters! Everything became icy. They were so cold that they decided to land. They came down in Poland heavily but safely. They had traveled 1,797 kilometers from London!1.Three
24、 men flew in a balloon _.A. more than a century ago B. to visit Poland C. for nearly 1,800 kilometers D. to another city2.The metal box was used for _.A. changing weight B. carrying ropes of the basketC. keeping drinking water D. carrying the bags of sand3.When the balloon went up higher, _.A.they s
25、aw the sun go down B. the temperature of the balloon began to fallC. they could see a black hole on the ground D. they made a hole in the basket with their knives4.The balloon landed _.A. in a foreign country B. on a lake C. in London D. on the sea5.The three men had to land because _.A.they were ve
26、ry hungry B. they had not enough sandC. they pulled the box into the basket D. they felt too coldPassage 3【答案与解析】这是发生在历史上的一则历险小故事。1908 年 12 月，三个人乘坐气球从伦敦出发，进行了一次长途旅行。为了能有效地控制气球的重量，他们在气球下方挂了一个能盛水的金属盒子，还事先携带了沙子。随着气球的升高，气球上面结满了冰，于是引起了一系列的麻烦。历尽千难万险，总算化险为夷。可当气球升至五千多米的高空时，他们实在无法忍受严寒，结果在波兰安全降落。1.C。由首句的 1908
27、 年可知 A 项有误。另外，这三个人打算从伦敦出发乘气球作长距离旅行，由于天气状况不好，只好在波兰(Poland)着陆。行程达 1,797 公里，将近1,800 公里。2.A. 根据 “This could hold water. Or it could be empty. So they were able to change its weight.”可知，金属盒里盛的水是并非是饮用水，而是用来改变气球重量的。文中还说他们同时也带了几袋沙子来调节气球的重量。 3.B. 根据“It went up to 3,000 meters, and the air was very cold.”或地理常
28、识可断定 B 为最佳答案。4.A.如果气球降落在湖上或海上，那将是很危险的，联系“They came down in Poland heavily but safely”，可知 A 是最佳答案。5.D.答案源自最后一段中的“They were so cold that they decided to land.”一句。Passage 4If you get into the forest with your friends, stay with them always. If you dont, you may get lost. If you really get lost, this is
29、 what you should do. Sit down and stay where you are. Dont try to find your friendslet them find you by staying in one place.There is another way to help your friends or other nearby people to find you. Give them a signal (信号 ) by shouting or whistling (吹口哨) three times. Any signal given three times
30、 is a call for help.Keep up shouting or whistling always three times together. When people hear you, they will know that you are not just making noise for fun. They will let you know that they have heard your signal. They give you two shouts, two whistles, or two gun-shots (枪声). When someone gives y
31、ou a signal, it is an answer to a call for help.If you dont think that you will get help before night comes, try to make a little house-cover up to the holes with branches (树枝) with lots of leaves. Make yourself a soft bed with leaves and grass.What should you do if you get hungry or need drinking w
32、ater? You would have to leave your little house to look for a river. Dont just walk away. Pick off small branches and drop them as you walk so that you can find your way back. The most important thing to do when you are lost isstay in one place.1.If you lost in the forest, you should _.A.stay where
33、you are and give signals three timesB.walk around the forest and shout so that your friends could hear youC.try to find your friends as soon as possibleD.try to get out of the forest and shout for help2.If you want to let people believe that you are not just making noise for fun, you should _.A. tel
34、l people that you are lost B. keep up shouting or whistlingC. shout at the top of your voice D. shout or whistle three times3.When you hear two shouts, or whistles, or gunshots, _.A. you should shout more loudly B. you can whistle three timesC. it is an answer to your call for help D. you should try
35、 to run to them4.When you want to leave your place to get drinking water, you should _.A.just go to the river B. find some glasses or bottles before you goC. make a fire so that you can have some teaD. leave marks so that you can find your way back5.This passage mainly tells you _.A.when you hear a
36、signal always three times, it is a call for helpB.What you should do if you get lost in a forestC.any signal given twice means an answer to a call for helpD.how you can live longer in a forestPassage 4【答案与解析】如果一个人在森林中迷了路，他该怎么办呢？本文讲述了一个很重要的方法：原地不动，让别人来找你。为了让附近的人尽快发现你处于困境，你可以大喊三声或者吹三声口哨。在别人找到你之前，你还应当学
37、会自我保护。比如怎样做饭或者搭建一张床等。1.A。“Sit down and stay where you are.”和“Give them a signal by shouting or whistling three times.”是解答本小题的关键句子。2.D。该题的答案源自“Keep up shouting or whistling always three times together. When people hear you, they will know that you are not just making noise for fun.”一句中。3.C。“They give
38、 you two shouts, two whistles, or two gun-shots. When someone gives you a signal, it is an answer to a call for help.”是答案的出处。4.D。根据“Dont just walk away. Pick off small branches and drop them as you walk so that you can find your way back.”可知 “当你离开原地去找水喝时，不要径直走开，要在路上留下标记，以便能找到回到原地方的路。”5.B。由文章末句“The m
39、ost important thing to do when you are lost isstay in one place.”和开头的“this is what you should do.”可不难得出答案。中考阅读理解语义理解性题目解题方法及练习语义理解性题目：题目要求对文中个别单词、关键词、词组或句子做出解释。解答这类题目时需要对有关的上下文，甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。对于这类题目我们可以用下面的解题方法来解答：（1）快速阅读文章后的 45 道题目，并将题目中的关键词（一般为实词，含有重要信息）用笔划下来。这样做的目的有两个：一是获得将要阅读的文章的大概意
40、思，二是为解题做好准备。 （2） 快速阅读原文。一边阅读一边划出文章中的含有重要信息的词、短语或句子。如果将文章中的重要信息都划出来了，到第三步解题时寻找所需信息就容易了。这比盲目地寻找方便得多。 （3）根据文章中所阐述的事实细节和上下文的暗示与线索进行综合分析，然后做出推断预测或得出合情合理的结论。因此，考生必须细读全文，不仅要懂得文章的表层意义，还要理解深层的内含；不仅要掌握作者的观点倾向，还要获取字里行间隐含的信息。但同时必须提醒考生的是切忌无根无据地随意猜想或推理，把白的东西说成是黑的，把自己的观点当作是作者的。也就是说你所做的每一个推断或引申都应该是合情合理的，具有充分依据的。 Pa
41、ssage 1Weve talked about snails (蜗牛) and their slow move. But much of the time snails dont move at all. They are in their shells (壳 ) sleeping.Hot sun will dry out a snails body. So at the least sign of hot sun, a snail draws its body into his shell. A snail will die in a heavy rain. So when it rain
42、s, a snail does the same thing, too. A snail can sleep for as long as it needs to. It spends all the winter months in its shell, asleep.In the spring the snail wakes up. Its body, about three inches long, comes out from the shell. When hungry, the snail looks for food. Its eyes, at the end of the to
43、p feelers (触角), are very weak. But its sense (感觉) of smell is very strong. It helps the snail to find food and the new greens.A snails mouth is no bigger than the point of a pin (大头针). Yet it has 256,000 teeth! The teeth are very small, and you cant see them. If you put a snail in a hard paper box,
44、it will eat its way out! And if a snail wears out its teeth, it will grow new ones.1.A snail _.A. moves more slowly at night B. has thousands of feetC. doesnt move at all D. sleeps much of the time2.In the sentence “A snail draws its body into its shell”, the word “draw” means _.A. to make with a pe
45、ncil B. to push C. to pull D. to move away3.From the story, we know _.A. a snails shell is very thin B. a snail cant see wellC. a snails nose is quite short D. a snails body changes in different seasons4.A snail goes to sleep when _.A. it feels hungry B. it is put into a paper boxC. spring is coming
46、 D. it rains heavily5.Which of the following is wrong?A. In winter the snail doesnt eat or move. B.A snail doesnt like living under the sun.C.The snails teeth cant be worn out. D.The snails nose helps to find food.【答案与解析】这篇短文向我们介绍了蜗牛的生活习性。无论是烈日当空，还是大雨滂沱，蜗牛都会像整个冬季一样，呆在壳里睡觉。春天来临的时候，蜗牛就拖着三英寸长的身体从壳里钻出来，
47、靠它那灵敏的触角觅食。别看它的嘴比大头针尖大不了多少，却长着 25万多颗牙齿呢！ 1.D。根据开头的“But much of the time snails dont move at all. They are in their shells -sleeping.”这句话，显然只有 D 是正确答案。2.C。本题属熟词新义。由“Hot sun will dry out a snails body. So at the least sign of hot sun, a snail draws its body into his shell.”一句的意思，尤其是要仔细考虑关键词“into”对猜测词义
48、的辅助作用，可知蜗牛一旦碰到炙热的太阳，就会把身体蜷缩进壳里。3.B。答案即是“Its eyes, at the end of the top feelers are very weak.”这句话。4.D。关键要理解好“So when it rains, a snail does the same thing, too.”这句话中的“the same thing”的意思。事实上，由“In the spring the snail wakes up. comes out from the shell.”和“in a hard paper box, it will eat its way out!
49、”是很容易排除 B、C 和 A 的。5.C。根据短文最后一句话“And if a snail wears out its teeth, it will grow new ones.”，可以判断 C 项是明显的错误。Passage2This dictionary tells you about English words and how to use them in reading, writing and speaking English. It not only gives the meaning of words, it can also help you with spelling, word building, grammar and pronunciation.To use your dictionary correctly, yo
