1、原文 译文Its Time to Rethink Temporary “短暂”我们该重新想想了We tend to view architecture as permanent, as aspiring to the status of monuments. And that kind of architecture has its place. But so does architecture of a different sort.For most of the first decade of the 2000s, architecture was about the statement
2、building. Whether it was a controversial memorial or an impossibly luxurious condo tower, architectures raison dtre was to make a lasting impression. Architecture has always been synonymous with permanence, but should it be?In the last few years, the opposite may be true. Architectural billings are
3、at an all-time low. Major commissions are few and far between. The architecture thats been making news is fast and fleeting: pop-up shops, food carts, marketplaces, performance spaces. And while many manifestations of the genre have jumped the shark (i.e., a Toys R Us pop-up shop), there is undeniab
4、le opportunity in the temporary: it is an apt response to a civilization in flux. And like many prevailing trends collaborative consumption (a.k.a., “sharing”), community gardens, barter and trade “temporary” is so retro that its become radical.In November, I had the pleasure of moderating Motopia,
5、a panel at University of Southern Californias 我们习惯性地认为建筑就应该是永久性的，希望他们都能像纪念碑一样永存。纪念碑这样的建筑是有它的价值，但是不同类型的建筑都有其存在的意义。21 世纪的头十年里，建筑就是一种地标式的宣告。无论是充满争议的纪念馆，还是极尽奢华的公寓楼，建筑存在的意义就是要在人们心里留下永久的印象。建筑一直都是永恒的代名词，但是本该如此吗？在过去的几年里，情况却恰恰相反。花在建筑上的费用前所未有的低。大型的建筑项目少之又少。新闻上频频出现的建筑都是转瞬即逝，高效便捷型的：大牌游击店，移动餐车，大卖场，路演舞台。当这类建筑形式失去
6、其吸引力时（比如玩具“反”斗城品牌店），不可否认的是临时性建筑赢得了机会：临时性建筑是对个流动性文明时代的最好回应。正如许多潮流趋势合作消费（又名“共享”），社区花园，以物易物“临时建筑”这股潮流又重新流行起来，来势汹汹，势不可挡。今年 11 月，我有幸和罗伯特科School of Architecture, with Robert Kronenburg, an architect, professor at University of Liverpool and portable/temporary/mobile guru. Author of a shelf full of books o
7、n the topic, including “Flexible: Architecture that Responds to Change,” “Portable Architecture: Design and Technology” and “Houses in Motion: The Genesis,” Kronenburg is a man obsessed.Mobility has an innate potency, Kronenburg believes. Movable environments are more dynamic than static ones, so wh
8、y should architecture be so static? The idea that perhaps all buildings shouldnt aspire to permanence represents a huge shift for architecture. Without that burden, architects, designers, builders and developers can take advantage of and implement current technologies faster. Architecture could be r
9、eusable, recyclable and sustainable. Recast in this way, it could better solve seemingly unsolvable problems. And still succeed in creating a sense of place.In his presentation, Kronenburg offered examples of how portable, temporary architecture has been used in every aspect of human activity, inclu
10、ding health care (from Florence Nightingales redesigned hospitals to the Airstream trailers used as mobile medical clinics during the Kennedy Administration), housing (from yurts to tents to architect Shigeru Bans post-earthquake paper houses), culture and commerce (stage sets and Great Exhibition b
11、uildings, centuries-朗尼伯格一同主持了在南加州大学建筑学院举行的“移动都市”专题会。罗伯特科朗尼伯格是一名建筑师，利物浦大学的教授，同时他也是便捷式，临时性和移动性建筑的领军人物。他写了许多有关这方面的书，包括灵活：建筑要适应变化，便捷式建筑：设计与科技和移动房屋的起源。科朗尼伯格教授对这一领域非常痴迷。科朗尼伯格认为，移动本身有着一种潜能。移动环境比静止环境更有活力，那为什么建筑就应该是静止不动的？一切建筑物都不应该追求永恒这一观点是建筑界的一次巨大改变。没有了建造永久性房子的压力，建筑师，设计家，建造者和开发商就可以尽快的利用，推行现代技术。建筑物可以是重复利用，可回收
12、可持续的。按照这种方式重新定义建筑就可以解决那些看似无法解决的问题，而且仍然能成功打造出一处风景。科朗尼伯格在他的演讲中举出许多例子，说明便捷式，临时性建筑物是如何应用于人类活动的方方面面的，包括医疗（比如重新设计的弗洛伦斯南丁格尔医院和肯尼迪时期将气流拖车改造成的移动医疗诊所），住房（比如蒙古包，帐篷和日本建筑师坂松设计的用于震后居住的纸房子），文化和商业（比如临时舞台，万国博old Bouqinistes along the Seine, mobile food, art and music venues offering everything from the recording of
13、stories to tasty crme brulees.)Kronenburg made a compelling argument that the experimentation inherent in such structures challenges preconceived notions about what buildings can and should be. The strategy of temporality, he explained, “adapts to unpredictable demands, provides more for less, and e
14、ncourages innovation.” And he stressed that its time for end-users, designers, architects, manufacturers and construction firms to rethink their attitude toward temporary, portable and mobile architecture.This is as true for development and city planning as it is for architecture. City-making may ha
15、ve happened all at once at the desks of master planners like Daniel Burnham or Robert Moses, but thats really not the way things happen today. No single master plan can anticipate the evolving and varied needs of an increasingly diverse population or achieve the resiliency, responsiveness and flexib
16、ility that shorter-term, experimental endeavors can. Which is not to say long-term planning doesnt have its place. The two work well hand in hand. Mike Lydon, founding principal of The Street Plans Collaborative, argues for injecting spontaneity into urban development, and sees these temporary inter
17、ventions (what he calls “tactical urbanism”) as short-term actions to effect 览会建筑，塞纳河畔历时弥久的旧书店，移动摊位，兜售各种各样的食物，艺术品还有音乐制品包括故事卡带和美味的法式焦糖布丁。）科朗尼伯格坚定地认为，蕴藏在这种建筑结构中的试验性挑战了人们先前对建筑的固有认识。他解释说临时性的优势就在于它能满足不可预测的需求，提供了更多的选择，并且刺激创新。他强调说终端用户，设计师，建筑师，生产商和建筑公司是时候该重新想想他们对于临时性，便捷式移动建筑的态度了。同建筑一样，城市发展和规划也应该做这样的改变。城市规划以
18、前可能只是由丹尼尔伯纳姆和罗伯特摩西这样的设计大师来做，但是现在情况却不同了。如今，人口越来越多元化，人们的需求各异而且层出不穷，任何一个大师的独立作品都无法预测到这样的变化，也无法灵活且富有弹性地应对这些变化，但是临时的试验性建筑却可以做到这一点。这并不是说长期规划就一无是处，两者可以相辅相成，互相补充。马克莱登是“道路规划合作协议”的创始人，他认为城市发展应该多一些自发性，这些短期行为的临时干预（他称之为“城市化策略”）将带来长久变化。long-term change.Though theres been tremendous media attention given to quick
19、and cheap projects like San Franciscos Pavement to Parks and New Yorks “gutter cafes,” Lydon sees something bigger than fodder for the style section. “A lot of these things were not just fun and cool,” he says. “It was not just a bottom-up effort. Its not D.I.Y. urbanism. Its a continuum of ideas, t
20、echniques and tactics being employed at all different scales.” “Were seeing a lot of these things emerge for three reasons,” Lydon continues. “One, the economy. People have to be more creative about getting things done. Two, the Internet. Even four or five years ago we couldnt share tactics and tech
21、niques via YouTube or Facebook. Something can happen randomly in Dallas and now we can hear about it right away. This is feeding into this idea of growth, of bi-coastal competition between New York and San Francisco, say, about who does the cooler, better things. And three, demographic shifts. Urban
22、 neighborhoods are gentrifying, changing. Theyre bringing in people looking to improve neighborhoods themselves. People are smart and engaged and working a 40-hour week. But they have enough spare time to get involved and this seems like a natural step.”Lydon isnt advocating an end to planning but e
23、ncourages more short-term 尽管像旧金山“人行道变公园”和纽约停车咖啡馆这样的简易工程吸引了大量的媒体关注，但是莱登关注的更广，他关注的不仅仅是这些简易风格所用的材料。他说：“这些作品并不只是为了好玩耍酷，也不仅仅是一次自上而下的改革，也不是 D.I.Y 城市规划。它是思想，技术和策略在不同层面的综合应用。”“许多这样的建筑的兴起有这三点原因”莱登接着说：“第一，经济原因。人们要把事情做好必须要比以前更有创造力。第二，网络原因。四五年前人们还不能通过视频分享网站YouTube 或者社交网站 Facebook 来分享策略和技术。 达拉斯随时都有事情发生，而现在我们就可以迅
24、速了解那里的消息。这就强化了发展的概念，增强了纽约和旧金山两个海岸城市间的竞争，比如我们可以看看谁做的更酷更好。第三，人口流动的原因。城市周边的环境在逐渐的改善和变化，吸引大量人口涌入城市，他们都希望通过自己的力量改善城市环境。他们聪明，专注，每周工作 40 个小时，而且还有足够的业余时间投入到城市建设中。这似乎是一个自然而然的过程 。doing, experimenting, testing (which can be a far more satisfying alternative to waiting for projects to pass). While this may not
25、directly change existing codes or zoning regulations, thats O.K. because, as Lydon explains, the practices employed “shine a direct light on old ways of thinking, old policies that are in place.”The Dallas group Build a Better Block which quickly leapt from a tiny grass-roots collective to an active
26、 partner in city endeavors has demonstrated that when you expose weaknesses, change happens. If their temporary interventions violate existing codes, Build a Better Block just paints a sign informing passers-by of that fact. They have altered regulations in this fashion. Sometimes not always bureauc
27、racy gets out of the way and allows for real change to happen.Testing things out can also help developers chart the right course for their projects. Says Lydon, “A developer can really learn whats working in the neighborhood from a marketplace perspective it could really inform or change their plans
28、. Hopefully they can ingratiate themselves with the neighborhood and build community. There is real potential if the developers are really looking to do that.”And they are. Brooklyns De Kalb Market, for example, was supposed to be in place for just three years, but became a 莱登并不是在反对长期规划而是鼓励做一些短期试验性的
29、项目（这比坐等项目审核通过更让人有满足感。）尽管这样做可能不会直接改变现存的制度或地方法规，但是没关系，正如莱登说的那样，这些实践活动会给现行的一些旧思想，旧政策一些启迪。达拉斯“建造更好的街区”小组起初只是一个很小的草根合作团队，但是很快便一跃成为城市建设积极的参与者，这表明当缺点暴露出来的时候，改变就会发生。他们的临时性干预如果违反了现行的制度，“建造更好街区”这个组织就会做一个标志来告知路人这一事实。他们以这种方式改变了现行的法规。尽管不常见但官僚主义有时会主动让步，允许做一些实质性的改变， 这些尝试性的活动也可以帮助开发商为他们的项目作出正确的选择。莱登说：“开发商可以从市场的角度了解
30、人们真正需要的是什么这真正的可以让他们掌握一些信息并且对他们的项目作出调整。这样他们就可以迎合人们的需求，建造社区。开发商如果真的希望这么做的话，还是有很大neighborhood center where there hadnt been much of one before. “People gravitated towards it,” says Lydon. “People like going there. You run the risk of people lamenting the loss of that. The developer would be smart to in
31、tegrate things like the community garden giving residents an opportunity to keep growing food on the site. The radio station could get a permanent space. The beer garden could be kept.”San Franciscos PROXY project is similar. Retail, restaurants and cultural spaces housed within an artful configurat
32、ion of shipping containers, designed by Envelope Architecture and Design, were given a five-year temporary home on government-owned vacant lots in the citys Hayes Valley neighborhood while developers opted to sit tight during the recession. Affordable housing is promised for the site; the developers
33、 will now be able to create it in a neighborhood that has become increasingly vibrant and pedestrian-friendly.On an even larger scale, the major developer Forest City has been testing these ideas of trial and error in the 5M Project in downtown San Francisco. While waiting out the downturn, the folk
34、s behind 5M have been beta-testing tenants and uses at their 5th at its best its a bold expression of unfettered thinking and creativity and theres certainly not enough of that going around these days. An embrace of the temporary and tactical may not be perfect, but it could be one of 济萧条的这段时间，5M 项目
35、的开发商们一直观察第五街和米慎街交界处的租户们的使用体验。旧金山纪事报的办公地点曾经就在（现在也在）这个街区，现在这里还有诸如科技商店这样的组织，有苏玛中心这样的公共办公区，有为艺术人士修建的艺术画廊，有科技公司 Square, 还有几个移动餐饮车，为那些辛勤工作，饥肠辘辘的租户们提供餐饮服务。几年前，森林城市可能建好一座顶层带有几间豪华公寓的办公大楼后就收工了，公司的一位副总 Alexa Arena 说，经济不景气让公司有时间为新兴的经济和便于此种经济发展的环境重新做规划。在干涉主义者的工具包一文中，批评家柴格尔指出对于 D.I.Y 城市规划者的干预来说，其成功并不是基于某一个项目，但是我们
36、如果能从项目所产生的效应，经济影响，社区的增权益能，开创精神，可持续发展和创意设计方面综合考量的话，是可以成功的。可是我们现在还没有达到这一步。她说的很对。我们不要总是去关注那些失败的甚至是造成严重后果的临时建筑的例子（比如，飓风卡特里娜拖车）。策略性城市规划主义之所以具有吸引力是很大程度上是因为它和政治相关。正如一位实践家所说，“我们这么做就是想抵抗政府办事效the strongest tools in the arsenal of city-building weve got.率低下。”但是这不仅仅是对官僚作风的反击；更确切的说，这是自由思维和创意的一种大胆表达。当然，我们现在做的还远远不够。接受临时性策略性建筑可能并不是最完美的，但是这是我们目前城市规划智囊包中最有力的工具之一。
