1、高中英语阅读技巧之我见山东省茌平县第二中学 丁秋云 2011 年 7 月 14 日 20:02随着社会的发展,英语在我国各个领域的应用也日益广泛。英语阅读是理解和吸收语言信息最重要的手段。阅读理解作为考查学生直接运用英语能力的主要题型,在目前高考英语卷之中占有较大的比重。因而外语阅读能力的提高对于学生来讲尤为重要。然而,要想有效地提高阅读能力,就需要克服三大障碍。 1语言的障碍。Readingis a comprehensive skill because it concerns the recognition of configuration, pronunciation, grammati
2、cal inflexion and the comprehension of words, sentences and paragraphs.(魏立明,孙长顺: 2001 )由于有的单词往往有几种甚至几十种意思,而一个词的确切含义只有在具体的文章之中根据上下文才能确定。因此,词义的转换和搭配仍是阅读中的障碍。所以要避免进入见词就查字典的误区。2文化背景知识的障碍。因为文化背景知识是阅读的无形障碍。由于不了解英语国家的文化背景,因此有时很难做出判断。People believe that both visual and non-visual information is involved in
3、reading comprehension. As a matter of fact, it seems that the more non-visual information the reader possess, the less visual information is needed. 所以多做泛读的训练将有所帮助。关于这两个障碍的排除在本文的以下部分中也有较详尽的论述。3阅读技巧的障碍。而这一障碍又是多方面的。如找中心思想,推断文章中有没有直接说明的意思,确定作者的语气等。本文将就这一方面进行重点论述。英语的阅读与汉语阅读一样,基本上可分精读、泛读和快读三种形式。精读的任务在于传授
4、系统的基础语言知识,如语音,语法,词汇,篇章结构,语言功能意念等;训练语言的基本技能;培养运用英语进行交际的能力。学生进行精读训练的一般步骤是先疏通词汇,粗知文章的轮廓及大概,再研究文章的结构,弄清文章的内部联系,然后深入重点,剖析语言,分析内容,把握文章的重点,最后综合归纳,领会作者的意图。有一些阅读的基本技术在平时就要注意运用,如圈点,摘要等。最好边读边将文章出现的重点信息勾画出来,通读全文后,再将所勾画的零碎信息串起来,重新组成文章。这样不但有助于学生阅读答题的速度,而且还可以回过头来有目的、有意识地核对其中的细节,完成以后,应养成良好的记录笔记的习惯。对文章的生词、语法、句法等难点进行
5、整理,以便今后复习。泛读的任务在于着重提高阅读理解能力;培养细致观察语言以及假设、判断、分析、归纳、推理、论证等逻辑思维的能力;培养速读能力以及阅读的兴趣,扩大词汇量,增强文化背景知识,学生应尽可能涉猎交际功能强,实用性强的应用文。如果有条件,还可以读一些英文版的简易读本。这对于了解各种文化的共性和差异,从而形成良好的文化意识则有所帮助。在各种英语考试之中,时间是不可忽略的因素。因而我们还需要掌握另一种阅读方法,即快速阅读。快速阅读要求读者在非常有限的时间内迅速完成答题者和出题者书面交际的任务。在阅读的过程之中,略过无关信息,筛选有关信息,利用标题、段落、黑体、斜体、图表、图画、主题句和关键词
6、语,辨认要点,迅速有效地获取重要信息。但是,要想提高阅读速度,进行快速阅读也需要一些具体的方法和技巧,如快速泛读、计时阅读、略读和查读等。在实际阅读中对不同阅读方法的应用必须视具体要求决定阅读方法。阅读方法的选择是由阅读内容决定的。所以在实际阅读中,一定要注意灵活运用不同的阅读方法,从一下几个方面入手,解决实际问题。一、先看题干,再读全文。即先看问题,再读文章。阅读题干,首先要掌握问题的类型,分清问题是客观信息还是主观判断。客观信息问题可以从文章中直接找到答案;而主观判断问题考查的是对文章的感情基调,作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等,这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文
7、章进行深一层的推理等。其次,了解问题题干以及各个选项提示所包含的信息,然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读,对有关信息进行快速定位,再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比,有根有据地排除干扰项,选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性,提高了做题的准确率,节省了时间。特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。二、速读全文,全面感知。阅读的目的是获取信息。一个人的阅读能力的高低决定了他的阅读质量。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。没有一定的阅读速度就不能顺利地输入信息,更谈不上运用英语。近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟 40 个词左右。所以平时的教学活动中,教师必须训练考生在有限的时间内
8、运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读,搜寻关键词、主题句,捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点,并且理清文章脉络,把握语篇实质,以求临考从容应对。抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。1、一般用归纳法撰写的文章,都是表述细节的句子在前,概述性的句子居后。此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。2、通常用演绎法撰写的文章,大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序,即从概述开始,随之辅以细说。这时,主题句就是文章的第一句。3、也有些文章没有主题句,需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用,主旨大意题,归纳概括题,中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。试试看,你能找出下面一段文章的主题句吗?Th
9、e constitution is the defender of the rights of the individual. It upholds the principles of freedom of religion, freedom of the press ,and freedom of the speech. It provides for a fair trial for persons accused of crimes, and forbids cruel an unusual punishment. It protects the home against unlawfu
10、l search by authorities. It forbids any state to deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law, or to deny to any person equal protection of the laws. 不难看出,文章的第一句是主题句,后面的句子都围绕这个句子展开。三、详读细节,理顺脉络。文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文,有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心,以时间或空间为线索,按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事;论述体则包含论点
11、、论据、结论三大要素,通过解释、举例来阐述观点。可根据文章的特点,详读细节,以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索,找出关键词语,运用“画图列表法“ ,勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。例如:The Skills of Job Hunting1)Good skills of job hunting can help you find an ideal job.2)Good career planning is essential before you try to hunt a job.3)The key to job hunting lies in knowing how to h
12、unt a job.a. Study yourself.b.Write down your career goals.c.Talk with others about ways of job hunting.d.Choose proper ways of job hunting.e.Never giving up a chance for employment.四、逻辑推理,深层理解。在实际阅读中,有时作者并未把意图说出来,阅读者要根据字面意思,通过语篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓义。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解主要包括归纳概括和推理判断,是阅读理解中的难点。深
13、层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文;要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据,立足已知推断未知,不能凭空想象;它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理,不能就事论事,以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思,推理才有前提和基础。在提问中常用的词有:infer, imply, suggest, indicate 等。例如高考题:The private automobile has long played an important role in the United States. In fact,it has become a necessary and important part of
14、 the American way of life.In 1986,69% of American families owned at least one car,and 38%had more than one. By giving workers rapid transportation, the automobile has freed them from having to live near their place of work. This has encouraged the growth of the cities, but it has also led to traffic
15、 problems.For farm families, the automobile is very helpful. It has made it possible for them to travel to town very often for business and for pleasure, and also to transport their children to distant schools.Family life has been affected in various ways. The car helps to keep families together whe
16、n it is used for picnics, outings and other shared experiences.However,when teenage children have the use of the car, their parents cant keep an eye on them. There is a great danger if the driver has been drinking alcohol or taking drugs-or is “showing off”by speeding or breaking other traffic laws.
17、 Mothers of victims of such accidents have formed an organization called MADD(Mothers Against Drunk Driving).These women want to prevent further tragedies. They have worked to encourage the government to limit the youngest drinking age. Students have formed a similar organization SADD(Students Again
18、st Drunk Driving) and are spreading the same message among their friends.For many Americans the automobile is a necessity. But for some, it is also a mark of social position and for young people,a sign of becoming an adult.Altogether,cars mean very much to Americans.1.Which of the following is NOT m
19、entioned in the text?A. Cars have encouraged the growth of the cities.B.Cars can bring families together when they go for picnics.C.Cars have enabled people to live far from their place of work.D.Cars help city families to transport their children to faraway schools.2.What has been done to deal with
20、 the problem of drunk driving?A. Parents have paid more attention to their children.B.Some organizations have been set up against drunk driving.C.Mothers have tried to persuade their children not to drink alcohol.D.University students have asked the government to solve the problem.3.We can infer fro
21、m the text that_in America.A.it will be more difficult for people to get new carsB.parents will not allow their children to have their own cars.C.the government will encourage people to use public transportation D.cars will still be popular though they have caused many problems1.D.根据短文内容可判断出短文中没有提到汽
22、车帮助城市的家庭把自己的孩子送到很远的学校(这是一道正误判断题)2.B.第三段 Mothers of victims of such accidents have formed an organization called MADD(Mothers Against Drunk Driving).说明已经建立了一些反对酒后驾车组织来处理酒后驾车的问题(这是一道细节题)3.D.最后一段 Altogether,cars mean very much to Americans.表明尽管汽车存在很多问题,在美国汽车仍然受到人们的欢迎。 (这是一道推理题)五、上下联系、猜词悟义。猜词是应用英语的重要能力,
23、也是高中英语教学中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的泛读量,掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜“,通过构词,语法,定义,同位,对比,因果,常识,上下文等线索确定词义。a. 定义法如:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予 annealing 以明确的定义,即 “退火“。It will be very hard but also very brittle-that is , it will break ea
24、sily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到 brittle 是“脆“的意思。The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year.定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“ 牧人“。b 同位法如:They traveled a long way , at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.同位语部分 a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义,即 “城堡“。We
25、 are on the night shift-from midnight to 8 a.m.-this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明 night shift 是“夜班“的意思。c. 对比法She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but 一词表转折,因此 but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来“ ,因此反向推理,可得出她平时一向“ 准时“的结论。d. 构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)Perhaps,
26、we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性“ 。e. 因果法The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken。Sometimes the weakness was permanent。So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动 “中,可以推测 perma
27、nent 的意思为“永远的,永久的“ 。六、潜移默化、养成习惯。良好的阅读习惯:1、养成默读习惯,使注意力集中在文字符号上,以免分散精力,影响阅读速度。2、克服指读、回视、重读等不良习惯,因为这样容易使理解只停留在某个词或句子上,使获得的信息支离破碎。要善于抓住句子中的核心词,从一个句子快速地扫视到另一个句子,进行连贯性理解。如:“Would you like to do some shopping together with me? If you are free, please ring me back to tell me about it.“这个句子,只要扫视划线的核心词,其语义就基本
28、上清楚了。结语实际上正如我们所体验的,阅读不是一个繁长线形的过程,不必要把所有的文章一一阅读。根据不同的阅读目的,可以采用不同的阅读方法。可以跳过某个词语、句子,甚至不必要的段落去获取必要的信息。 英语阅读能力的培养是一个渐进的复杂过程,要养成每天阅读英语的习惯,循序渐进,持之以恒,精泛结合,广泛猎奇。在潜移默化中你会感觉到你的阅读能力又有了长足的提高。这对学生英语水平乃至整体文化素养的提高都是大有裨益的。 我们中国有句成语:“读书破万卷,下笔如有神”比较形象地描述了阅读的重要性。对英语也同样适用。然而,从某种意义上讲,好的英语不是英语老师讲出来,都是学生们练出来的。所以我们的学生以及其他英语爱好者,不仅要有良好的阅读习惯和恰当运用英语阅读方法和技巧的能力,更要与长期的阅读实践相结合。只有这样,才会尽可能地克服英语中存在的三大障碍,才能更快更好地提高英语阅读水平,增强英语阅读能力。