1、虚拟语气,一 虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用 1. 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气分为现在、过去和将来三种。 表示对现在情况假设的非真实条件句，从句的谓语用动词的过去式或were型虚拟形式 (即过去式)，主句的谓语则用should / would / could / might + 动词原形，即过去将来式。如： -If he were on time every day, we wouldnt have to wait for him. 如果他每天都准时，我们就不用等他了。 -If the earth suddenly stopped spinning, we would all fly off it.
2、 如果地球突然停止旋转，我们都会从此球上飞出去。,表示对过去情况假设的非真实条件句，从句用had + 动词的过去分词，即过去完成式，主句用would / should / could / might + have + 动词的过去分词(过去将来完成式)，意为：“如果(当初)，就(已经)了”。如： -If I hadnt run out of ink, I might have finished writing the paper. 如果我当初不是因为墨水没了，我也许已经把论文写完了。 -If the whole operation had not been planned beforehand,
3、 a great deal of time and money would have been lost. 如果整个手术事先没有安排好，大量的时间和金钱就会白白浪费掉。,表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，从句的谓语多用were to +动词原形或should +动词原形两种(过去将来式)，主句则用would / should / could / might +动词原形，即过去将来式。如： -If I were not to write the thesis, I should have time for the tour. 如果我不用写论文的话那我该会有时间去旅游了。 -If you should
4、 take a wider view, you would not look upon it in that light. 如果眼光放宽些，你就不会这样来看它。,上述三种时态的虚拟条件从句中，if常可以被省略，而将were 、should、或had等助动词前移置句首，形成一种通过主，谓语序倒置来表达的倒装句 -Were I to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. 如果我明天去见他，我就该问问他这事儿。(倒装) -Had she inserted more efforts in mathematics, she might have wo
5、n the first price. 如果她当初在数学上更努力些，她就可能得一等奖了。(倒装)： -Should you change your mind, no one would blame you. 假如你改变主意，没人会责备你。 -Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a city without bike or one without cars, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. 如果让我来决定我们是要一个没有自行车的城市呢，还是要一个没有汽车的城
6、市，我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。,特别提醒 可以看出，在与将来事实情况相反的虚拟假设和与现在事实情况相反的虚拟假设中，主句的谓语动词形式基本上是一样的。 注有时省略if从句，并不影响句子整体意义。如： -He would not have done it. (省略：if he had not known the grave consequences beforehand) （如果他事先已经知道会有这样的严重后果，）他原本是不会做那件事的。,2) 有时，从句和主句所表示的动作，在发生时间上不一致，称作错综时间条件句。这时的谓语动词形式要根据具体的动作发生时间作相应调整。 从句是对过去情况的假设，而主
7、句对现在情况的假设： -If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldnt be smiling now. 要不是我站在梯子下在你掉下来时把你接住，你现在就不会在这儿笑嘻嘻的了。 有时也有从句对现在情况的假设，而主句是对过去情况的假设的情形。如： -If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night. 假如我是你，我昨天晚上就去看电影了。 从句是对现在情况的假设，而主句是对将来情况假设： -If it were not raining no
8、w, I would go for a walk. 如果现在不是在下雨，我就会出去散散步。 上句中，从句谓语动词是现在进行时，而从句是将来时。,3) 有时，虚拟条件从句是通过上下文或者某种其他蕴含的方式来表示虚拟语气的，这种形式称作含蓄条件句。 语句中的条件从句常常为一些短语所取代，常见的引导这些短语的词without，with和but for等。如： -Without electricity, there would be no modern industry. 如果没有电，就没有现代工业。 -But for his help, I could not have finished it so
9、 early. 要不是他的帮助，我本来无法这么早就把它完成的。 提醒 以上两句中的“without electricity”和“but for his help”是短语而不是句子，分别取代了从句“If there were no electricity”和“If it were not because of his help”。又如：,有的虚拟语气通过并列连词but +陈述语气体现，其谓语动词形式由动作发生的时间来确定。与but有相类似的用法还有otherwise和or等。如： -He would have succeeded, but he didnt listen to me. 他本来是会
10、成功的，但他没听我的。 -He must have had an accident, or he would have been here then. 他一定是出了事故，要不然他那时就已经会到了。 -We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码，不然我们就给他打电话了。,2. 虚拟语气还体现在If only的句中，谓语动词常用来表示强烈愿望、不满或遗憾等。所以，这种句子形式实际上也可看成是一种感叹句。形式与if从句同，有三种时态形式。 1) 与过去事实相反时用过去完
11、成式。如： -Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I had followed your advice. 看看我这狼狈的境地！当初我要是听了你忠告该多好。 2) 表示与现在事实相反的愿望时用were型虚拟式或过去式。如： -If only the doctor arrived in time. 但愿医生及时赶到。 -If only our teacher were in his office now. Weve got some questions to ask him. 我们老师要在办公室就好。我们有些问题要问问他。 3) 与未来事
12、实相反时用would / could / might / should + 动词原形。 -If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible. 但愿委员会能批准这些规定并且立即付诸实施。 -If only she would marry me! 她要是能嫁给我就好了。 注意实际上可以把if only 看作是一个省略的虚拟从句。如： -If only I had more money. (I would buy a car.),二 谓语动词用should
13、+动词原形的虚拟语气谓语动词用should +动词原形的虚拟语气情况(should常可省略)多用在名词从句里，大致有四种。 1. 虚拟语气用在suggest等表示建议、命令、要求、主张、愿望等主观意图的一类动词后的宾语从句里。 1) 在以suggest等表示建议的动词后的宾语从句里，谓语动词用should+动词原形。如： -Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms. 法国总统希拉克建议中法
14、文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。 -I move that he (should) be discharged for his serious mistake. 我提议，他应以严重的错误而被解雇。 -Our teacher recommends that we be as attentive as possible when we visit the museum. 我们老师建议我们参观博物馆时要尽可能的集中注意力。 类似的动词还有advise忠告，propose提议，suggest建议，recommend推荐，move提议等。,2) 在如order 等表示命令的动词后的宾语从句里，也用同样的
15、谓语动词形式。如： -As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defence. 作为武装部队的总司令员，我已下令采取一切防御措施。相类似的动词还有order，command命令，direct指令，instruct指示，urge敦促等。3) should+动词原形还用于如demand等表示要求和请求的动词后的宾语从句中。如： -She demands that the child obey her. 她要求这孩子服从自己。 -They request
16、ed that we (should) send a delegation to their country. 他们请求我们向他们国家派去一个代表团。 类似的表示“要求”的动词还有ask要求，request恳请，require要求，demand要求，beg乞求，desire向往等。,4) 在如insist，prefer等表示主张，愿望等动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词也用should+ 动词原形的虚拟语气形式。如： -He insisted that we (should) take up the matter at the meeting. 他坚持要我们在会上谈这问题。 -They asked
17、 that arrangements be made to send the documents to Beijing. 他们要求做好安排把这些文件送去北京。可以这样使用的类似的动词还有determine下决断，decide决定，insist坚持，intend打算，desire渴望，prefer更喜欢，maintain坚持/恪守等。 在这些句子中，宾语从句的虚拟语气形式只有一种，而 不受主句时态的影响。从句中的should常可以省略。,5) 由于英语一词多义的特点，在suggest作“暗示，说明，表明”解释时，insist作“坚持说，坚持认为”解释时，从句不用虚拟语气。试比较：-My fath
18、er didnt go to New York；the doctor suggested that he not go there. 我父亲没去纽约，医生建议他不要去那儿。 -Are you suggesting that I am not suited for the job? 你的意思是说我不适合这项工作？ -I insist that it (should) be done at once. 我坚持要立即做这件事。 -He insisted that three years is not enough for a good interpreter. 他坚持认为三年的时间对一个好的翻译来说
19、是不够的。又如： -He insisted that he was innocent. 他坚持说自己是清白的。,insist (up)on 和suggest后接动名词，而propose后 可接动名词，也可接动词不定式。如： -He insisted on seeing us home. 他坚持要送我们回家。 -The doctor suggested my doing more exercises. 医生建议我多作锻炼。 -I propose to begin the work right tonight. 我提议今晚马上开始这项工作。 -I should propose making a c
20、hange in the plan. 我想提议对这项计划作些改动。,2. 虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用情况 1) 与上述动词含有同样意义的名词如suggestion，proposal，instruction等作主语时，其表语从句的谓语动词也要用虚拟语气should + 动词原形。如： -His proposal is that the question (should) be discussed at the next meeting. 他的提议是这个问题得在下次会上讨论。 - The doctors suggestion was that he (should) take a walk bef
21、ore going to bed every night. 医生的建议是他每晚上床前都要散散步。 -His order was that she (should) remain in the room. 他的命令是要她呆在房间里。 -One of the requirements for a fire is that the material be heated to its burning temperature. 燃火的其中一个要求是要给燃火材料加热到燃烧的温度。这样的名词还有desire欲望，aim宗旨，decision决定，motion附议/提议，recommendation推荐，re
22、gulation规定，demand要求，advice忠告，order命令，command指令，requirement要求等。,3. 由It is 作形式主语或it 作形式宾语的从句中的谓语动词用同样的虚拟语气形式。 1) 在It is +上述动词的被动形式引导的主语从句中如： -It is suggested that a short play be put on by the students at the end of each term. 建议每学期末都由学生上演一部短剧。 -It is requested that everything be ready by tomorrow. 要求
23、明天把一切都准备好。 -It has been proposed at the meeting that Mr. Zhang be in charge of this project. 已在会上提议由张先生来负责这项工程。 常用的这类动词的过去分词有suggested，proposed，requested，recommended，required等。,2) 在It is + 与上述词类含义相类似的相应的形容词或名词引导的主语从句中。如： -It is our demand / wish that he (should) be sent here soon. 我们要求/希望将他很快派到这里来。
24、-It is of the utmost importance that you be here on time. 你按时到这里是极其重要的。 -It is a pity that he should leave tomorrow. 真可惜，他明天要走了。 -It is important that the agreement (should) be signed. 重要的是这份协议在明天要签字。 -It is necessary that the students (should) be given more experiments to do. 让学生做更多实验是很有必要的。,3) 以it
25、作形式宾语的宾语从句中，谓语动词同样用虚拟语气。如： -We all consider it important that he get everything ready by tonight. 我们都认为他在今晚把一切准备好是很重要的。 -I think it advisable that he leave for New York soon. 我认为他马上动身去纽约是可取的。 -The board deemed it urgent that these files should be printed right away. 董事会认为紧急的事情是立即印刷这些文件。 除了用should+动词
26、原形外，有时为了表示强烈的希望、惊奇、 满、怀疑等情绪，谓语动词可用should have + 动词-ed的形式： -It is strange that she should have gone away without telling others. 令人惊奇的是她竟然不辞而别。常用的这类形容词和名词有advisable合宜的，desirable合意的，imperative迫切的，urgent急迫的，important，vital至关重要的，natural自然而然的，preferable更可取/更合意的，strange奇怪的，necessary必要的，essential基本的等。,4. 在
27、表示如提议、建议等含义的上述动词派生或转化的名词后的同位语从句中谓语动词也用同样形式的虚拟语气。如： -He issued the order that the troops (should) withdraw at once. 他命令部队马上撤退。 -This is my idea that we (should) try a second time. 我们得再试一次，这是我的意见。 -We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off. 我们都赞成你提出的推迟讨论的建议。 -Emphasis is laid on the
28、necessity that all the objectives to be attained (should) be taken into account before starting a new project 强调了在开始新工程之前就考虑全部要达到的目标的必要性。 -A decision was finally reached that the matter be referred to the higher authorities. 最后做出了将此事提交上级处理的决定。,三 It is time和had hoped后的从句中的虚拟语气。 1. 在Its time that后从句中，
29、谓语动词只用过去式表示虚拟语气，没有其他变化。意为“早该是/正是/差不多是的时候了”。如： - Its time something was done about the traffic problem downtown. 到了该采取措施解决闹市区交通问题的时候了。 -Its time that he checked the temperature of the water again. 是该他重新测对水温的时候了。 - Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time we went home. 现在已经5点钟了。难道你不觉得这差
30、不多是我们回家的时候了吗？ -Its high time we came to business. 该是言归正传的时候了。 -“You are very selfish. Its high time you realized that you are not the most important person in the world.” Edgar said to his boss angrily. “你太自私了。 也该是你意识到自己并不是世上最显要的人的时候了。”埃德加愤愤地对老板说。 time前还经常有修饰语表示强调，如 Its high time that ，Its about tim
31、e that Its right time that 。,四 wish和 “d rather”等之后的从句中的虚拟语气， 在wish和“d rather 等”之后的从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气；有三种时态形式。 1) 表示对过去情况的假设用had + 动词的过去分词，有时也用could /would /might /should have + 动词的过去分词。如： -I wish you had not hurt Jim so much. He is still very depressed. 你要是没把吉姆伤害得这样厉害有多好。他仍然非常沮丧。 -He didnt go to the pa
32、rty, but he does wish he had been there. 他没有参加那次聚会，但是他确实希望自己去过那儿。 -I wish you could have passed the entrance examination 我真希望你已通过了入学考试。 -I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. 今天早上我要是能多睡一会儿有多好，可是我不得不起床来上课。,2) 表示对现在情况的假设，谓语动词用动词的过去式或could / might + 动词原形。
33、如： -I wish it were summer now. 要是现在是夏天多好。 -I wish I knew English better. 但愿我的英语更好些。 -I wish I could type, but I dont know how. 但愿我会打字，但我不知道怎么打。 3) 表示对将来情况的假设，谓语动词用would / could / might + 动词原形。如： -I wish prices would come down. 但愿物价能降下来。 -She wishes she would always remain young. 她希望自己永远不老。,2. 在would
34、 / had rather，would / had sooner和would / had (just) as soon 之后的从句中。谓语动词的三种时态形式 1) 谓语动词常用一般式表示与将来事实相反。如： -I would rather that you call me tomorrow. 我宁可你明天能打电话来。2) 谓语动词常用过去式表示与现在事实相反。如： -He would / had rather that his children didnt make so much noise. 他真希望他的孩子们不要那样吵闹。 -I would as soon you didnt tell me about it. 我真希望你不要把这事告诉我。 3) 谓语动词常用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。如： -She would rather that we hadnt left yesterday. 她只希望我们昨天没走。 -I had rather he hadnt rung me up yesterday. 我宁可他昨天没有打电话给我。 -Id rather you went to the evening party tomorrow instead of me. 我宁愿你明天代替我去参加晚会。,
