1、1英 汉 语 言 比 较一 英语重形合 hypotaxis，汉语重意合 parataxis1)作业写完了，这下可以看电视了。译文 1：I have finished my homework, so I can watch TV now.译文 2：Since I have finished my homework, I can watch TV now.译文 3：With my homework finished, I can watch TV now.2) 跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。The monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away wit
2、h them.3)那太阳，整天躲在云层里，现在又光芒四射了。The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in full splendor.4)冬天来了，春天还会远吗？If winter comes, can spring be far behind?5). 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。While the prospects are bright, the road ahead has twists and turns.6). 墙倒众人推When a man is going down-hill, everyone will give him
3、a push.二主语1英语重物称 impersonal，汉语重人称 personal1). A wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in.译文: 他进门时带进一缕雪茄烟雾。2). The thought of seeing her filled him with fear.译文: 他一想到要见她，就感到万分恐慌。23). Not a sound reached our ears.译文：我们没听到任何声音。4). A great elation overcame them.译文：他们欣喜若狂。5). Excitement deprived me of all
4、power of utterance.译文：我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。6). The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.译文：我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点声音也没有。7). The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost 10 million migrants to America.译文：从 1840 到 1880 这 40 年，近一千万移民移居美国。8). An idea came upon to us.译文：我们想到一个主意。9）. Fear rooted him to the spot.译文：他吓得呆
5、立不动。10）. Gifts and messages snowed in on her birthday.译文：生日那天，她受到了大量礼品和贺信。2用 it 做主语1）. It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.译文：我从没想过他这么不老实。2）. It is not our view that the decision will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East.3译文：我们认为此项决定无助于在中东建立持久和平。3）. It is believed
6、that to err is human, to forgive divine.译文：人们相信人孰无过，恕过者神。3英语多被动 passive，汉语多主动 active. 物称作英语被动句的主语：1). The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.译文：大火几乎使这家有名的旅馆全部毁灭。2). Great sums of money have been spent in prospecting for oil.译文：在石油勘探方面，已经花了大笔的钱。 （无主句）3). Language is shaped by
7、 and shapes human thought.译文：人的思想形成了语言，而语言又影响了人的思想。4). The thatched house was destroyed by the autumn storm.译文：茅屋为秋风所破人称作英语被动句的主语：1）I was recommended by a professor.译文：推荐我的是一位教授。2）The excellent sportsmen were given a hearty welcome.译文：优秀运动员受到热烈欢迎。 （被动句）三英语动静皆有，但多静态, 汉语是动态语言e.g.他想办法摆脱了困境。译文：He though
8、t his way out of the dilemma.e.g. 我们请她唱了一支歌。4译文：We asked her to sing a song.e.g. 实现理想要靠辛勤劳动。译文：To translate ideals into reality needs hard work.2英语多用名词、介词:1). Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.译文：党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。2). He is a good eater and
9、 a good sleeper.译文：他能吃能睡。3). 他手臂疼痛，脱衣服都很不方便。译文 1：His arms were painful, which made it difficult for him to take off his clothes.译文 2：The pain in his arms made it difficult for him to undo his clothes.（简练、紧凑）4). 他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯基本人权，所以受到各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。译文 1：Freedom-loving people everywhere condemned
10、 them because they violated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country.译文 2：The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the 5condemnation of freedom-loving people everywhere.5). The very
11、sight of him makes me nervous. 译文：一看见他，我就感到紧张。6). With these words she went away.译文：她说完这些话就走了。3英语形容词、副词表达中文动词的意义e.g. You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.译文：你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。e.g. The plan may become available during the next decade.译文：此计划可能在 10 年内实现。e.g. They are off soon.译文：他们很
12、快就离开。四英语是前重心，汉语是后重心。1). 揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看，号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条，这就是五四运动时期的一个伟大功绩。(典型的汉语句式: 论据结论)译文 1. Its public exposure of ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them were a tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement. (是硬译, 头重脚轻, 重心在后)译文 2. A tremend
13、ous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the 6old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them. (符合英语表达”头轻脚重 ”)2). The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to m
14、e. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.译文：在我的记忆里，安妮.曼斯菲尔德.沙利文老师来的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。从这一天开始，我的生活和以前迥然不同，一想到这一点，我就感到非常兴奋。 （英文往往先说个人的感受，再说与感受有关的动作，最后才说最初发生的事情。汉语则相反，往往按照事情发生的顺序来叙述，最后才说个人感受）3). 小国人民敢于拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能够战胜大国的侵略.(条件断言)译文:
15、 The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. (中英文表达逆向, 英语是断言条件)4). It was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.译文：他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。五英文忌讳重复，所以多用代词；汉语不怕重复。1）
16、. Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness 7as that.译文：健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样带来幸福。（实称） 2）. Reading exercises ones eyes; speaking, ones tongues; while writing, ones mind.译文：阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。 （还原）3）. He put his pipe down, crossed his hands behind his neck, and turned his
17、face towards the window.译文：他放下烟斗，两手交叉放在脖子后面，转过头去看窗子。（省略）六英语重后饰 back modifier; 汉语重前饰 preceding modifier。1）. It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias.译文：借助于想象与持不同意见的人进行辩论，是个很好的办法。2）. It may be a low-lying stretch with miles of white sandy beach, and no sign of peo
18、ple, very bleached and barren.译文：那可能是地势低洼、连绵数英里、人迹罕至、荒茫贫瘠的白色干沙漠。七英语重时体，汉语轻时体。81）. It has often been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do. （Helen Keller）译文：人们已经注意到大凡受到死亡威胁的人或是死里逃生的人对于他们所干的任何事总是兴趣盎然。2）. She is constantly leaving his things about. (dislike/disgusting)3）. In the large entrance-hall visitors are constantly coming and going. (surprise)译文：大厅里访客不断，你来我往，川流不息。九英语重形态，汉语轻形态。
