1、Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气,虚拟语气 1） 概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。,Revision,一、在条件句中的应用,条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。,在条件状语从句和结果状语从句中,表示与事实相反的条件和结果。 1) 与现在事实相反： If 主语 , 主语 +V原 2)与过去事实相反： If 主语 ,主语 +have V-ed 3)与将来事实相反： If 主语 , 主语 +V原,were V-ed,should (would c
2、ould, might),should (would could, might),should were to,should (would could, might),had V-ed,虚拟语气假设条件句型注意点：,1.假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词不一致，叫做错综条件虚拟语气。主句和从句的谓语动词要依照假设的时间而顶。 If the weather had been finer, the crops would be growing still better. If you had followed the teachers advice, you wouldnt be
3、 in the hospital.,2.假设条件虚拟倒装。 条件从句中有should， were， had三个助动词可以把if省略，并将这三个词提至句首。 If I were you, I would give it up. Were I you, I would give it up. If it were not for your advice, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. Were it not for your advice, we couldnt have got over the difficulties.,If I had
4、 had time, I would have run round that lake again. Had I had time, I would have run round that lake again. If there should be a flood, what should we do? Should there be a flood, what should we do?,注意： 在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一般用“were“，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。,If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我
5、是你，就会去找他。,If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。,典型例题 _ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were IB. I were C. Were I D. Was I,在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不
6、能说 Werent I to do.,Had you listened to the doctor, you _ all right now.A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been 2. _ any change about the date, please tell me immediately.A. Will there be B. Should there be C. There will be D. There should be 3. _ today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would he
7、 leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave,Practise:,4. Should it rain, the crops _ . A. would be saved B. would have been saved C. will be saved D. had been saved 5. You _ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.A.would B. should have C. may D. have 6. What should we do if it _ tom
8、orrow?A. should snow B. would snow C. snow D. will snow,7. You _ such a serious mistake at present if you had followed his advice.A. may not make B. might not makeC. shouldnt have made D. might not have made 8. If it were not for the fact that you _ ill, I would ask you to do this right now.A. were
9、B. had been C. are D. should be,1) 如果你没有开着窗户睡觉的话,你就不会感冒了。2) 要不是明天有测验我今天晚上就去听音乐会。3) 如果他在这儿的话，他会帮我们的。,If you had not slept with the window open, you would not have caught a cold.,If I were not to have a test, I would go to the concert tonight.,If he were here, he should help us.,1.We use mixed conditi
10、onals when the main clause and the if-clause are about differenttenses.Eg. If you had come and attended the meeting yesterday, you would know what we are doingnow. If you had followed my advice, you would not be in trouble now.,Answers A (1) had not studied(3) had studied(5) knew(7) could help,Part
11、A,(2) would not be,(4) would have,(6) would be,(8) would not be,2.use otherwise, or and phrases beginning with with, without and but for to replace an if-clause in implied conditionals,Without air , there would be no living things. But for your help , I couldnt have done it. I was busy that day. Oth
12、erwise I would have gone there with them.(If I hadnt been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadnt been ill, I would have finished the work.),(If there were not air),(If it hadnt been for your help),3.In adverbial clauses int
13、roduced by even if, as if, as though and if only we can use unreal conditionals.,即使生了病，他也去办公室。 Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。 He treated me as if I were a stranger. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。 She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.,Answers (1) Wi
14、thout (3) otherwise/or (5)With (7) even if (9) If only,Part B,(2) otherwise/or,(4) wish,(6) Without,(8) without,(10) as if,二、虚拟语气特殊句型：,wish/if only,现在： 过去： 未来：,did（were）,had done,would do,（1）I wish I were a bird.（现在） （2）I wish I hadnt made such a mistake.（过去） （3）We wish our parents wouldnt punish us
15、. （将来）,I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。,He wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。,I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明下雨就好了。,2）wish to do表达法。 wish sb / sth to do,I wish to see the manager.= I want to see the manager.,I wish the manager to be informed at once. = I want the manager to be informe
16、d at once.,If only I knew his name! If only we had followed your advice! If only I could see him again!,要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。 要是我没错过火车就好了！,If only our parents could live with us!,If only I hadnt missed the train!,2.Its (about/high) time +that,did,你该走了。,我们该去 睡觉了。,Its high time that you went. Its high t
17、ime that you were going. Its high time that you should go.,Its time that we went to bed. Its time that we should go to bed.,3、强制性虚拟语气,(1).表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括：advise，ask，command，decide，decree，demand，desire，determine， direct，insist，maintain，move(动议，规定)，o
18、rder，prefer，propose，recommend，require，stipulate，suggest等等。例如：It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 oclock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。,(2).以上动词转化为名词，如suggestion，proposal，demand，order，command，advice，desire，requirement，request，agreement，det
19、ermination，preference，resolution，indication，后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用should + 动词原形，should可以省略。例如：We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。,(3).值得注意的是，只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时，从句用虚拟语气，当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时，从句不用虚拟语气。例如：When the son suggested that
20、 they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时，父亲用表情表示了默许。The boy insisted that he didnt cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束) The boy insisted that he shouldnt cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行),1.The guard at gate insi
21、sted that everybody _(obey)the rules. 2.He insisted that she_(be)seriously ill and that _(send) to hospitals at once. 3.He suggested that we_(have) a meeting at once. 4.His pale face suggested that he_(be) ill.,obey,was,be sent,have,was,(4).It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、
22、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括：important，natural，desirable，possible，astonishing，advisable，anxious，appropriate，compulsory，crucial（重要的），eager，essential，fitting，imperative，improper，necessary，obligatory，preferable，proper，urgent，vital(至关重要)，shocked（震撼的），requested，amazing，strange，odd，ridiculous（可笑的），surp
23、rising，unthinkable，incredible（惊人的）等等。例如：It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识，更要有实践经验，这一点很重要。It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间，真是太奇怪了。,4. 其他类型的虚拟语气,(1). 由would rather，would sooner，had
24、rather，would just as soon（宁愿），would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气，其句型结构如下：与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner谓语动词用had done与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner谓语动词用did例如：He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似 的。He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。,(2). 由连接词in case that ,so that,
25、unless, lost, for fear that， lest that（唯恐），引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might ,would)+动词原形，例如： I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛，以防断电。 There was danger lest that the plan be known. 如果计划暴露就有危险。 She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catc
26、h cold.她在那个婴儿的身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。,5.含蓄虚拟条件句,含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。例如：Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话，我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。Were it not for your help, I would havent finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助，我不可能按时完成工作。,常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：(1)介词或介词短语，如but for b
27、ut that ,without ,in case of, under ,under more favourable condition等。(2)连词，如：so that ,unless, in case supposing, lest, provided(倘若)，for fear that(惟恐),in groups that ,on condition that, if only(要是就好了)等。(注：lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：The foreign teache
28、r spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him.这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。 Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur. 在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。,6. 某些简单句的固定句型： 表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气Heaven help him!God bless you!May you succeed!Long live the Peoples Republic of China!,Multiple choice: 1. We demanded
29、that we _ of any change in the plan.A. informed B. would be informed C. be informed D. had been informed 2. Its necessary that he _ a recognized qualification.A. has B.have C. had D. having 3. Its high time we _ our attention to this problem.A. turned B. turn C. had turned D. would turn,4. If only y
30、ou _ him what I said! Everything would have been all right.A. didnt told B. hadnt told C. would not tell D. would have not told 5. He must have had an accident, or he_ here then.A. would have been B. had been C. should have been D. could be 6. Much labour would have been saved if the electronic comp
31、uters_ before.A. had invented B. were invented C. should have been invented D. had been invented,7. _ cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced.A. Were they to B. Could they C. If they D. Would they 8. Five minutes earlier, and we _ the last bus.A. had caught B. should have caught C.
32、could have caught D. caught 9. You _ the clothes! We have a washerwoman to do that sort of thing.A. shouldnt have washed B. mustnt have washedC. can not have washedD. neednt have washed,10. Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see
33、 her friends very often.A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got 11. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself.A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure 12. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night.A. were
34、not played B. not to play C. not be played D. did not play,13. You dont have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you _ on business first. A. would go B. will go C. went D. have gone 14. It is important that enough money _ to fund the project.A. be collected B. must be collected C. was collected D.
35、 can be collected 15. If only the committee _ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.A. approve B. will approve C. can approve D. would approve,16. I dont think it advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experience.A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be assigned D. ha
36、s been assigned 17. You _ her in her office last Friday; shes been out of town for two weeks.A. neednt have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. cant have seen 18. We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we _ him.A. would have telephonedB. must have telephonedC. would telephone D. had
37、telephoned,19. It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made.A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started 20. I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept
38、D. have slept 21. I _ her to the party but I didnt know her well.A. ought have invited B. would have invited C. should invite D. may have invited 22. You _ to town to see the film last week. It will be on TV tomorrow.A. neednt go B. should not go C. had better not go D. neednt have gone,23.- Would y
39、ou have called her up had it been possible? -Yes, but I _ busy doing my homeworkA. Was B. were C. had been D. would be 24. It was essential that the application forms _back before the deadline A. must be sent B. would be sent C. be sent D. were sent 25. But for air and water, there _ no life on the
40、earth. A. would be B. is C. will be D. have been,3. We _ the work on time without your help. A. hadnt had finishedB. didnt have finished C. cant have finished D. couldnt have finished,10. Given more attention, the trees _better. A. have grown B. had grown C. must have grown D. could have grown,2. He
41、 hesitated for a moment before he kicked the ball, otherwise he _a goal. A. had scoredB. scored C. would score D. would have scored 3. We _ the work on time without your help. A. hadnt had finished B. didnt have finished C. cant have finishedD. couldnt have finished 4. But for air and water, there _
42、 no life on the earth. A. would beB. is C. will beD. have been 5. In the absence of mathematics, science _ exist. A. can notB. is not C. will not D. would not 6. Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night _ , too cold for us to live. A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezi
43、ng coldly C. would be frozen cold C. can freeze coldly 7. With your assistance, we _ finish the plan earlier. A. willB. canC. mustD. might 8. But for his help, they _ over the mountain in such a short time. A. couldnt have runB. had not run C. have not runD. could have run 9. It _ be a mistake not t
44、o help him. A. willB. canC. wouldD. must 10. Given more attention, the trees _better. A. have grownB. had grown C. must have grown D. could have grown 11. Seeing its mother, the baby _ break away from the baby-sitter. A. wouldB. willC. shouldD. shall 12. No milk was left in the glass. They _ it up.
45、A. should have drunkB. could have drunk C. shall have drunkD. can have drunk 13. A more responsible man _ differently. A. will actB. will have acted C. would have acted D. must have acted 14. Ten minutes earlier and you _ the train. A. had caughtB. have caught C. can have caughtD. could have caught
46、15. Do swim with others. Alone, you _ . A. can get drownedB. will get drowned C. might have got drownedD. might get drowned 参考答案： 15 BDDAD 610 ADACD1115 ABCDD,II. Translation: 1.我不知道他的电话号码,否则我就打电话给他了。 I didnt know his telephone number, otherwise I would have telephoned him. 2. 他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙。He m
47、ight have given you more help, even though he was very busy. 3.-如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？-会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。 - Would you have called her up had it been possible? - Yes, but I were busy doing my homework,4如果你昨晚没有看电影那么晚的话，你现在就不会那么困了。 If you hadnt seen that film late last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy.5. 没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。 Without electricity, human life would be quite different today,
