1、从句,各类从句的构成及其用法,所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，由从属连词连接。由主句和从句构成的复合句 。 从句的种类有很多，但根据其性质和作用可以分为三大类：名词性从句 形容词性从句（即定语从句） 副词性从句（即状语从句） 从句构成与用法的考查要点很多，历来是专业四级英语考试试题的热点与焦点，专业四级英语考试几乎每年都涉及到对名词性从句、定语从句以及状语从句的考查，常将并列连接词、从属连词、关系代词、关系副词放在同一题干中进行考查，故意设置干扰项，增加试题难度，以考查考生分析交际语境、理解句子之间的逻辑关系的能力。,名词性从句,即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，
2、 这类从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 名词性从句侧重考查考生在一定的语言环境下对英语从句的语序 从句连接词的运用以及主从句时态的呼应等知识点的掌握.,名词性分句的引导词：通常由从属连词that，whether引导。 也可由连接代词who/whoever, whom, whose, what/whatever, which/whichever等引导。 还可由连接副词where, when, how, why等引导。,考点一：主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。,1）It is well-known that the earth moves arou
3、nd the sun. 说明：由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下用代词it作形式主语。 2）Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 说明： 此时不能用if引导主语从句，只能用whether,3）When the sports meet will be held is not decided. 何时举行运动会还没有决定。 4）Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。,考点
4、二：宾语从句：主要考查宾语从句if与whether的用法区别：,1）whether和if常与or not连用，whether和or not 既可合起来使用，也可分开使用；if和or not只能分开使用。如： He asked whether (if) they would come or not.他问他们是否该来。 I dont know whether or not they will come.我不知道他们来不来。,2）whether 引导的宾语从句一般是肯定句，if 引导的宾语从句可以是肯定也可以否定的。如: She asked whether/if you had enough mon
5、ey.她问你是否有足够的钱。 I dont care if it doesnt rain.我不在乎是否下雨。（只能用if),考点三：表语从句：be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。,1）The question is whether the book is worth reading at all.（问题是这本书是否值得一读。） 2）That is why we dont like it.,考点四：同位语从句（专业四级英语考查的重点）,同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that, 而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。 这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact
6、, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。,1）We heard the news that he had won the game. 2）We heard the news that he had told her. 有时如果主句的谓语动词较短，为保持句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，同位语从句也常与要说明的名词分开。Word came that we won the match. 消息传来说我们赢得了比赛。,我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。（同位语从句）,我们听到他对她说的消息。（定
7、语从句）,说明：当名词doubt用在否定句中时，其后的同位语从句应用that引导；而用在肯定句或疑问句中时则可以用其他词来引导。例如： I never have the doubt that you can look after yourself. Some people have the doubt how such a little boy can lift so heavy a box. 这么一个小男孩怎么能举起这么重的盒子，对此人们表示怀疑。,2形容词性从句（即定语从句）（复合句考查的重点）,定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名
8、词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 根据与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 对于定语从句，在历年专业四级英语试题中，相对集中地考查了非限制性定语从句、关系代词和关系副词的选用、定语从句中的一致关系以及“介词+关系代词“等知识点。,定语从句,考点一：引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词（who, whom, which, that, whose）和关系副词(as, when, where, why)等。但是当下列情况出现时，对引导词有特殊要求。,只用that 的情况：当先行词是all, everything, not
9、hing, something, little, much时。 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very修饰时。 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 或者先行词既有人又有物时。,Everything (that) he said seemed quite reasonable. You can take any toy that you like. This is the last thing (that) I want to do. 这是我最不想做的事情。 They are talking abou
10、t the things and persons (that) they can remember in that country. 他们正在谈论他们所能够记起的那个国家的人和事。,why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时，作主句表语的成分不能有because和because of 。其结构一般为the reason whyis that，或者 the reason that is that，如： He did not tell us the reason why he was late again. 他没有告诉我们他为什么又迟到了。 The rea
11、son why （that）he didnt come is that he was ill.,考点二：考查“介词 + 关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。当先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，往往可以把介词放在关系代词之前，构成“介词 + 关系代词(whom / which)“结构。但一些短语动词(如look after等)中的介词不能与动词分开，故不能放在关系代词之前。,American women usually look upon their best friend as someone with whom they can talk frequently. 美国妇女通常把她们最要好的朋友看成
12、是可以经常倾诉的对象。 （关系代词whom在定语从句中作介词with的宾语，talk with sb.意为“与某人谈话“。） 另外，我们还要注意“部分 + of 介词+ 关系代词（整体名词）”结构，该结构，做关系词也就是 “部分名词 + of which/whom”的结构，往往可以翻译成“其中”。( 考查重点) He invited many scientists to his birthday party, two of whom were his old classmates. 他邀请了许多科学家出席他的生日宴会，其中有两位是他的老同学。,考点三：当先行词为表示时间的名词（如：time,
13、day, year, week, month, occasion）或地点的名词（如：place, room, city, country）时，一般用关系副词 when 和 where. 分别相当于in which, at which, on which。 但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语时，则要用关系代词that 或which。,I cant forget the days when (in which) I studied with you. Can you tell me the day when （on which） you met her for the first time
14、? China is the only country where (in which) wild pandas（熊猫）can be found. Ill never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood（童年）.,试比较： I will never forget the days that/which I spent in Beijing University. (本句days 作spend 的宾语，故用关系代词that / which ) I have never been to Beijing, but its
15、the place that I most want to visit. (place 作visit 的宾语。),考点四：非限定性定语从句不能用that引导, 一般用引导词which / as或who（指人），非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之中或之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句句首。（考查重点）,The large area is covered with thick snow, which has been reported on TV. 大片区域为积雪所覆盖，这已在电
16、视里报道了。 His speech, which was very boring, was over at last. 他的讲演，非常枯燥，终于结束了。 Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her. As we all know, the moon（, as is known to us.）is a satellite of the earth.（as is known to us.）,3副词性从句（状语从句）,引导状语从句的关联词是一些从属连词。状语从句同状语一样，在句中的位置比较灵活，可置于句首、句末或句中，
17、状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开。若从句较短同时又与主句的关系十分紧密时，也可以不用逗号分开。 状语从句根据其用途可以分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句和方式状语从句九种。 状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊连接词。,1）时间状语从句 常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, every time, immediately, no
18、sooner than, hardly/ scarcelywhen,A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners curiosity until her reaches the end of the story 一个善于讲故事的人必须能够自始至终抓住听众的好奇心。 He made a mistake，but then he corrected the situation before it got worse他犯了错误，但没等局势恶化，他就扭转了局势。,I gave her the money you owed her the mo
19、ment I saw her我一见到她就把你欠她的钱给她。 No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. 我一到家就开始下雨了。,2）地点状语从句 常用来引导地点状语从句的关联词有where，wherever等。 The famous scientist grew up where he was born and in 1940 he came to Shanghai那位著名的科学家在出生地长大，于1940年来到上海。 Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。,3）原因
20、状语从句 常用来引导原因状语从句的关联词有because，as，since等。 特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, considering that The Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for his country那位意大利男孩被看作是英雄，因为他为祖国献出了生命。 Now that youve got a chance，you might as well make full use of it既然你有机会，你最好充分利用它。,4）目的状语从句 常用来引导目的状语从句的关联词有t
21、hat，so that，in order that，in case, lest等。从句的谓语常由“cancould，maymight 动词原形“构成。 Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report so that her boss could read it first the next morning Sally为完成报告一直工作到深夜，以便她老板第二天早上能第一个阅读它。 I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake. 我告诉你这一点，以免你搞错。,5）结果状语从句 引
22、导结果状语从句的连词有：that，so that（从句中不带情态动词），sothat/suchthat（如此以致）。 We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. 我们走的时候如此匆忙，以致于我们忘记锁门了。（such是形容词，后接名词短语） The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map. 这个村子太小，所以地图上没有。（so是副词，后接形容词或副词短语）,6）条件状语从句 常用来引导条件状语从句的关联词有if，unless（除非），when（如果），su
23、ppose，supposing，given that（假定，给出），on condition that，asso long as等。 You will succeed in the end unless you give up halfway如果你不半途放弃，你最终会成功。 “So long as we dont understand it too well, every other language is poetry” (Anatole Broyard) “只要我们对别的语音还不太了解，它们就都是诗”(阿纳托尔布鲁瓦亚尔),7）让步状语从句 常用引导词：though, although,
24、even if, even though 特殊引导词： as（用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装），while (一般用在句首)，no matter , in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as/though I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。 Well have to finish the job，no matter how long it takes. 不管用多长
25、时间，我们都要把工作做完。,8）比较状语从句,Not so much as “与其说前者，倒不如说后者。 ”或者“是后者，而不是前者”,It wasnt so much that I disliked her _ that I just wasnt interested in the whole business。(2000-语法-9)A rather B so C than D as,译文一： “与其说我不喜欢她，倒不如说我对整个事情根本就不感兴趣。” 译文二：“并不是因为我不喜欢她，而是因为我对整个事情根本就不感兴趣。,Than,Foreign-born Asians and Hispan
26、ics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks。”(2006-1-4),解析：这个句子是than引导的比较状语从句，这个句子为了强调所以把do提前，这是需要考生注意的事项。 翻译为：“亚裔和西班牙裔移民的异族通婚率比美国本土黑人和白人的比例要高”。,the more the more ,The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越加锻炼，就会越加健康。 Basic economics suggests the greater the
27、 potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price。(2005-新题型-6),解析：这个句子是“比较级，比较级”结构，从句省略了谓语动词，补充完整是“the greater the potential consumers are, the higher the likelihood of a better price is。”翻译为：“基本经济学原理标明，潜在的客户越多，获得更多优惠价格的可能性就越大。”,“not.any more than” /“no more .than”表示的意思一样，基本意思是 “同一样不
28、”。翻译时我们经常翻译为：“不能，就如同不能(than从句)一样”或者 “正如不能(than从句)一样，不能。”,But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business。(2006-新题型-49),译文一：但是正如我们不能指望一个商人将他的全部精力都用于
29、探索商业行为准则一样，他的首要任务也不是考虑支配自己行为的道德。 译文二：但是，他的首要任务不是考虑支配自己行为的道德，就如同我们不能指望一个商人将他全部的精力都用于探索商业行为准则一样。”,特殊引导词：A is to B what / as X is to Y Air is to us as/what water is to fish. 我们与空气的关系就像鱼和水的关系。,9）方式状语从句 常用引导词：as, as if/though When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入乡随俗 They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） I have made the change as you suggested.我已经按你的建议进行了改变。,
