1、虚拟语气,三种语气简介,语气是表示讲话人对说话内容的看法的一种语法范畴. 英语中有三种语气: 陈述语气, 祈使语气和虚拟语气. 陈述语气: 所表达的动作或状态是符合客现实的。 祈使语气: 表示号召, 命令,劝告,警告等. 虚拟语气: 虚拟语气把动作当作一种只存在与讲话人想象中的 “假设”或 “推测”, 而不是当作客观现实中的真实条件. 它表示的是怀疑,忧虑, 假设, 想象或祝愿等.,Eg. Flowers blossom in spring. Eg. The yellow leaves are falling in the autumn wind. Eg. Let us help you .E
2、g. Mother told me to put on my sweater lest I should catch cold.Eg. I wish I were a white cloud.,虚拟语气在条件句中的运用,英语中的条件句一般分两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句，虚拟语气在非真实条件句中应用非真实条件句包括虚拟条件句（包括推测条件句）和错综时间条件句,.虚拟条件句虚拟条件句分为三类：一类是叙述与现在事实相反的情况，一类是叙述与过去事实相反的情况另外还有一类用于推测将来的情况，也称推测条件句其构成列表如下：,Eg. I am sorry I am very busy just now.
3、If I had time, I would certainly go to the cinema with you.Eg. If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful. Eg. If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy. Eg. If he should have enough money, he would buy it.,snowed If it were to snow tomorrow, I should
4、stay at homeshould snow,a）在虚拟条件句中的谓语可用进行时，表示“ 如果正在”等，主句中的谓语仍用would( should, could, might)，并可根据情况选择时态Eg. If she were living a hard life, he should be responsible for it.Eg. If human beings were not killing each other, we could be living a happy life.,b) 条件句中有were, had, should, could 时，可以省略if，而把were,
5、had, should, could放在主语前，用倒装结构 Eg. Had you informed me earlier, I wouldnt have signed the contract. Eg. Should I have time, I would call on her. Eg. Could you meet Mary, you should not be able to recognize her. Eg. Were they to get married, they would be happy.,c) 在同一个句子中，不能一部分表示真实条件，另一部分表示非真实条件，不然就破
6、坏句子的一致性If he is here, he would not let the matter end this way. (X)If he were here, he would not let the matter end this way. (/),错综时间条件句,在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式 Eg. Had I taken my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should not be wet now. （过去现
7、在） Eg. If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night. （现在过去）,Eg. If the ship had left at noon it would be passing the canal now.（过去现在进行）Eg. If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour.（过去将来）Eg. If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future. （现在将来）,
8、* 如果条件句做宾语从句，其动词形式不受主句谓语动词的影响Eg. I often tell her that if she had made another try, she might have been successful.Eg. I will tell her that if she would (were to )make another try, she might be successful.,*无“条件”的虚拟语气句子这里所谓的无“条件”，指的是句子表层没有通常使用的或等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文还是有条件的. 表示无“条件”的词有 with, without
9、, but for, but, otherwise, in case of, even等，这种句子往往是有主句而无从句 Eg. But for your help we couldnt have succeeded. Eg. They wouldnt have reached the agreement so easily, without that common ground.,虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用,.动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气与现在事实相反，用were或动词的一般过去式；与过去事实相反，用 had+ 过去分词或would/could +have +过去分词；表示将来没有把握或
10、不太可能实现的愿望: 用would/should (could, might) +动词原形.Eg. I wish she were here. Eg. I wish you would go with us tomorrow. Eg. I wish she had taken my advice.,2. if only和 would that后用虚拟语气谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为 “要是就好了”Eg. If only she had known where to find you. Eg. If only I could speak
11、several foreign languages! Eg. Would that I were young again.,3. 虚拟语气用在suggest, order, demand等后的宾语从句中在propose, command, request, desire, insist, decide, promise, advise, object, intend, deserve等意念动词，祈使动词或态度动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形 Eg. She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance.
12、 Eg. The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent. Eg. He advised that the doctor (should) be sent for.,4. 虚拟语气在 advice, demand, order的名词后的主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中常用的这类词有：necessity, resolution, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion,recommendation, request等谓语动词用should+动词原形 Eg.
13、 The demand is that manuscripts (should) be written on one side only. Eg. Their resolution was that a treaty (should) be signed.,5. 虚拟语气用在important, necessary等后的从句中形容词urgent, essential, appropriate, proper, anxious, ridiculous, imperative etc.可以构成“it is +形容词（名词）+ that” 其后的句子要用虚拟语气，为should be 型 Eg. I
14、t is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made. Eg. It is essential that the program (should) be loaded into computer.,6. It is (high, about) time句型要求用虚拟语气这时谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了”Eg. It is high time they were off. Eg. It is time we went to bed.,7. 在for fear that, in order th
15、at, so that, lest引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气. 从句谓语动词用 should+动词原形在lest引导的从句中，should有时可以省略。 Eg. He reminded her twice of it lest she should forget. Eg. I will not make a noise for fear that I should disturb you. Eg. I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me.,8. would rather, woul
16、d sooner后的句子用虚拟语气 接动词原形指现在或将来的时间，表示一种主观的愿望或选择 Eg. I would rather do it today. 接完成式，表示过去的某种选择不恰当 Eg. I would rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip. Eg. I would rather have stayed at home than went to the dull film.,9. would ratherthan, would rather than后的句子用虚拟语气这两个结构中than后的从句要用 shou
17、ld动词原形，而且 than 后的从句不可以用that引导 Eg. I would rather die than (that) he should know the secret. Eg. He would do anything rather than (that )he should live with such a shameless woman.,10 would, should, could, might-情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法和含义would, should, could, might均可用于虚拟语气中，但在含义上有些差别： a.第一人称可用 should 或would，其他
18、人称多用 would； b. would 可以表示情态意义，表示主语的意愿的意图，通用于所有人称；should 用于二, 三人称可以表示意愿. c. could 可以表示“能力”，指由知识，技能，体力等所产生的能力,d. could可以表示“允许，许诺”，但 might 无此义； e.表示“可能”时，could 和might 可以互换，但在否定句中多用could； f. ought to 表示推断和理应如何，有时也用must表示对过去的推断,Eg. I would lend him the money if he asked me. Eg. If he had time, he should
19、do it. Eg. He could move the big stone if he should try. Eg. If she started early, she ought to be here by now. Eg. If he might do as he likes, he would make a lot of trouble.,11. Whether it ( he) beor结构意为“不管是还是”，表示让步，为虚拟语气的一种表示方法，省略形式为 “be itor” Eg. Every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, whether it be fine or raining. Eg. Be it true or not, I will see myself.Eg. Be he what he may, he must be punished,
