1、复合句之一：,定语从句 (artributive clause),定语从句功能及位置,1、功能：定语从句相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。 2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。 eg. Those who are willing to attend the party sign your names here please.,定语从句 之概念,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。(定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行
2、词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面.）,关系词,引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有what；关系副词有where, when, why,how等。关系词常有3个作用： 连接作用，引导定语从句。 代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或 者整个主句。 在定语从句中充当一句子成分。注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。,定语,定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修
3、饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。,先行词,被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。Eg. The man you are talking to is my teacherThe book whose cover is red is very interesting.,一、关系代词引导的定语从句举例,关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名
4、词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1,who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who作主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下： (1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (作主语） (2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. (作宾语） 3）The man whom you spoke to just now
5、 is our English teacher,一、关系代词引导的定语从句举例,2: Whose 用来指人或物 (只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替） (1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. (2) Please pass me the book whose color (the color of which) is green. (3) The man whose son is a doctor is our professor.,一、关系代词引导
6、的定语从句举例,3: which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如： (1)Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 。(作主语） (2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (作宾语）,一、关系代词引导的定语从句举例,4: as 用于the sameas,suchas，asas, soas中，as引导的定语从
7、句常采用省略形式。如： I have the same book as you (have). He is of the same age as you (are). I have never seen such a lazy man as you. Take as many as you want. Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. This is such a book as was given to me.这种用法中的关系代词as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或状语。,一、关系代词引导的定语从句举例,5，as与which的区别 as可以放在
8、句首，而which不行 as表示主观，which表示客观事实 as引导非限制性定语从句,二、 关系副词引导的定语从句,when指时间 在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came.,二、关系副词引导的定语从句,2. where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I li
9、ved ten years ago has been pulled down.,二、关系副词引导的定语从句,why指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.,三、介词和关系代词,1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。 3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。 This is the hous
10、e in which I lived two years ago. =This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? =Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. =This is the reason for which he came late.,三、介词和关系代词,当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用wh
11、ich/whom即“介+which/whom” 且不能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用that/which/who/whom.作介词的宾语，且 可以省略。例如：The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. = The school in which he once studied is very famous.(2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. = Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine
12、for which you asked. (3) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. = Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.,三、介词和关系代词,注意： 1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. F This
13、is the watch for which I am looking.,三、介词和关系代词,2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose (1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F) (2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) The plane in th
14、at we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F),三、介词和关系代词,3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词、数词或者名词。 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are fort
15、y students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. (4) The boat, the name of which is Topsail, is famous. (5) I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.,四、判断关系代词和关系代副词,方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如： 1. Th
16、is is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 2. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.,四、判断关系代词和关系代副词,判断改错 1. This is the mountain village where （which）I visited last year. 2. I will never forget the days when（which） I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where,
17、when联在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。,四、判断关系代词和关系代副词,方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visi
18、ted a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.,五、as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that As可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句； which在句中。1. As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 2. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 3. As is known to
19、all, China is a developing country. 4. He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. 5. John, as you know, is a famous writer. 6. He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.,五、as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,注意：1. 当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。 Tom was always late for school, which
20、made his teacher angry. 2. 当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as 1. I have never heard such a story as he tells. 2. He is not such a fool as he looks. 3. This is the same book as I lost last week.,五、as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,注意： 3.当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 1.She wore the same dress that s
21、he wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。2. She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。,五、as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,注意：4. 定语从句suchas 与结果状语从句such that的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分 1. He has such a good laptop as I want to buy. 2. He has such a good laptop that I want
22、 to buy one.,五、as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,典型例题 ： 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he 2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. what B. which C. that D. it 3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to
23、the park A. that B. which C. as D. it,六、关系代词that 的用法,1)不用that的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.,六、关系代词that 的用法,2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系
24、代词的情况 1、当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时 (1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that ca
25、n be done has been done. (4) There is little (that) I can do for you. 注意1：部分时候that可以省略如部分例句将that用括号括住。 注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who,六、关系代词that 的用法,2、当先行词被序数词修饰 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have seen. 4、当形容词被the very, the only，the
26、 same,the last ,any,little等修饰时 (1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.,六、关系代词that 的用法,5、当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6、当先行词
27、既有人，也有动物或者物体时 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语 The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago. 8.当在there be句型中，通常情况下用that，不用which,七、限定和非限定的区别,1. 限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、确定的作用，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整，不明确或不合逻辑。这种定语从句和主句之间不能用逗号隔开。 The man
28、 who came here yesterday has come again. This is the house which we bought last year.,七、限定和非限定的区别,2.非限制性定语从句和先行词关系松散，只是对先行词作附加说明，如果省去，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。这种定语从句和主句之间须用逗号隔开。如：Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was murdered on April 14, 1865. The house, we bought last month, is v
29、ery nice.,经典考题：,1. Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet_life has developed gradually.A.that B.where C.which D. whose2. Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school_ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which,经典考题：,3.The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour A where B who C which D what4. Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen. A. that B.which C.whose D. What,
