1、动 词 分 词 （一） 分词也是动词的一种非限定形式，在句子中可以充当定语、表语、或是状语，有时也可以用在复合结构中。分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分词。这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同，主要是在意思上有主动和被动之分，现在分词一般有主动的意思，过去分词一般有被动的意思；有时两者表示的时间上也不尽相同。下面我们将详细地阐述动词分词的意义、功能和形式。一、分词的句法功能1. 作表语分词可以用来作表语，这样用时，现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。e.g. I) The food smells inviting (诱人的).II) The film is v
2、ery interesting.III) I am very interested in this film.IV) The door remained locked.能这样用的分词最常用的有：amusing, encouraging (鼓舞人心的), confusing (令人困惑的), disappointing (令人失望的), interesting, exciting, inviting, missing, pressing (紧迫的), promising (有希望的), puzzling (令人困惑的), surprising (令人惊奇的), shocking (令人震惊的),
3、 upset (感到不安的), delighted (高兴的), devoted (投入的), disappointed (失望的), discouraged (泄气的), married (结婚的), excited, experienced (有经验的), interested, confused (感到困惑的), satisfied (满足的), tired, exhausted (疲倦的)等等。这类分词几乎已经变成了形容词了。2. 作定语a) 分词作定语的时候很多，单个动词分词形式一般放在被修饰的名词前。e.g. I) Our economy (经济) is developing at
4、 an astonishing (令人惊叹的) speed.II) This is a pressing problem.III) Barking dogs seldom bite. 爱叫的狗很少咬人。IV) We need more qualified (合格的) teachers.V) It is also called “The Unfinished Symphony” (未完成的交响乐).有时，过去分词也要求后置。e.g. I) This is the only food left.II) The people interviewed (采访对象) are two high schoo
5、l students.b) 有些过去分词如 involved, given, concerned, used 等既能前置也能后置，但意义不同。e.g. I) I noticed a concerned (关切的) look in his eyes.II) Its a very tricky (棘手的) situation for everyone concerned (有关的).III) Over a given (指定的) period, the value of shares (股票) will rise and fall.IV) She doesnt like the watch giv
6、en by her husband.V) I bought a used (旧的) car.VI) The textbook used (所采用的) is up-to-date.c) 过去分词往往都含有被动的意思，但是个别的过去分词（多数是一些不及物动词）并不表示被动，而是表示已经完成。e.g. the risen sun (升起了的太阳)/ the rising star (冉冉升起的太阳); fallen leaves (落叶); faded flowers (凋零的花); returned students (归国留学生); retired workers (退休工人); escaped
7、 prisoners (逃犯)，etc.d) 分词短语作定语，一般放在被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。现在分词一般用来表示正在进行的动作，或经常性动作或现在（或当时）的状态，表示主动的意思，而过去分词可以表示或被动或已经完成的动作。e.g. I) There are a lot of boys on the sports ground playing (= who are playing) football.II) They built a railway leading (= which leads) into the mountain.III) This is something unh
8、eard of (= that is unheard of) in history. 这是史无前例的事情。IV) What is the language spoken (which is spoken) in this area?V) Why are farmers in some developed countries (发达国家) luckier than those in developing countries (发展中国家)?但是如果定语从句和主句时态不一致，则不能用现在分词短语替代定语从句。同时，谓语动词是 be 或含有情态动词的定语从句也不能用现在分词短语替代。e.g. I)
9、The man who came this morning is our English teacher. () The man coming this morning is our English teacher. ()II) Those who are late are not allowed to enter the classroom. () Those being late are not allowed to enter the classroom. ()III) Is there anyone who can repair the computer? () Is there an
10、yone repairing the computer? ()e) 过去分词短语作定语，一般放在被修饰词之后，含有被动的意思。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。e.g. I) He is a man respected (= who is respected) by all.II) Is this the book recommended (which has been recommended) by our teacher? 这是我们老师推荐的书吗？如果定语从句中的被动动作表示现在正在发生，或与主句谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来
11、引起短语作定语；如果定语从句中表示将要发生的被动的动作，可以用动词不定式的被动形式替换。（见分词的形式）e.g. I) She said she knew the man being interviewed (采访). (表示正在发生的被动动作)II) Having been allowed to use my computer, he jumped with great excitement (兴奋). (表示已发生的被动动作)III) These are letters to be sent this afternoon. (表示即将发生的被动动作)动 词 分 词（二） 3. 作状语分词在
12、句中可作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、行为方式和伴随状况，在意义上相当于相应的副语从句或并列句中的分句。a) 现在分词短语可以表示伴随状况，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬。过去分词也常可以表示伴随状况，很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况。这类状语在句中的位置比较灵活。e.g. I) I ran out of the house shouting.II) Please fill in this form (表格), giving your name, address, telephone number, etc.III) Greatly inte
13、rested, I asked how he created this idea.IV) “He is right,” he said, very pleased.【注】用作状语的现在分词和过去分词形式短语的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。e.g. I) Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. () (walking 是we 的动作)Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. ()II) Standing on the top of the mountain
14、, we could see the whole city. () (standing 是 we 的动作)Standing on the top of the mountain, the whole city could be seen. ()III) Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful. () (seen 的逻辑主语是the town)Seeing from the hill, the town looks beautiful. ()现在分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的或几乎同时发生的，否则，现在分词需要用完成形式（见
15、分词的形式）。b) 分词短语有时可以用作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。e.g. I) Seeing these pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days they spent together.II) Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.III) Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like an elephant.有时分词前可以加 when/ while/ until 等连词。e.g. I) Be careful when crossi
16、ng the street.II) He listened to his walkman while studying.III) Once discovered, such mistakes should be corrected.c) 分词短语可以用来表示原因。e.g. I) Being ill, he wasnt able to go to class.II) Not knowing his address, we couldnt get in touch with (与联系) him.III) He soon fell asleep, exhausted (疲倦的) by the jou
17、rney.d) 分词短语可以用来表示让步。常用 although/ though, even if/ even though 等连词引入，一般放在句首。e.g. I) Although working very hard, he failed to pass the exam.II) Though given much time, he couldnt finish his job in time.e) 表示结果，一般放在句末，前面可以加 so，therefore，thus 等副词。e.g. I) The war went on for years, killing thousands of
18、people.II) My parents went to a birthday party yesterday, leaving me alone at home.f) 分词短语也可以表示一个假设的情况，相当于一个条件从句。e.g. I) Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.II) United we stand, divided we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。4. 作宾语补足语a) 分词可以在 catch，discover，consider，imagine (想象)，see，hear，notice，watch，keep
19、，find，get，have，feel 等动词后与一个名词（代词）构成复合宾语。同样，现在分词和过去分词的区别主要在于：现在分词表示主动或正在进行或持续的动作的意思，而过去分词表示被动或已经完成的动作的意思。e.g. I) I am sorry to have kept you waiting for so long a time. (表示持续的动作)II) I imagined myself performing before a clapping audience. (表示主动) 我想象自己在鼓掌的观众面前表演节目。III) I will have my computer repaired
20、 this afternoon. (表示被动)IV) It is the first time he has heard the song sung in Italian. (表示被动)V) I hurried there only to find everybody gone. (表示完成的动作)b) 在 see，hear，feel，watch，notice 等感观动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不带 to 的不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有时是有差别的。用现在分词时，表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结果），用不定式时表示动作已经发生了（即动作全部过程结束了）。e.g
21、. - Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (表示正在进行)- Yes, I heard him knock three times. (表示完成的动作，全过程)但是，有时用不定式和现在分词作宾语意思差别不大。二、现在分词的完成式和被动式现在分词也有时态和语态上的变化。以 do 为例：主动形式 被动形式肯定式 否定式 肯定式 否定式一般式 doing not doing being done not being done完成式 having done not having done having been done not having been
22、 done1. 完成式的用法现在分词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，主要用作状语。现在分词形式的否定式是直接在动词现在分词前加否定词 not。e.g. I) Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide (向导).II) Not having been washed in the correct way, the coat has shrunk (缩水).2. 被动形式的用法在表示一个被动动作时，如果这动作时正在进行的动作，或是谓语动作同时发生，我们可以用现在分词的被动形式。a) 作定语e.g. I) That buil
23、ding being repaired is our library.II) The song being broadcast (广播) is very popular with the young students.b) 构成复合宾语e.g. I) You will find the topic being talked about everywhere.II) When he heard his name being called, he felt a bit nervous.c) 作状语e.g. I) Being asked to sing a song, she is very ple
24、ased.II) Being protected by a thick coat, he didnt feel a bit cold.有时还有完成被动形式：e.g. I) Having been give such a good chance, he worked even harder than before.II) Having been given a map, we found our way easily.巩 固 练 习分词试题及答案1._ the house on fire, he dialed 119. A.To see B.Seeing C.Having seen D.Bein
25、g seen 2.I fell down and broke three of my teeth. I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth _. A.fix B.fixing C.fixed D.to fix 3.Were _ to listen to her_ voice. Its_ to hear her sing.A.pleased; pleasing; pleasureB.pleased; pleasant; a pleasureC.pleasing; pleased; a pleasureD
26、.pleasing; pleasant; pleasure 4. _a post office, I stopped _some stamps. A.Passed, buying B.Passing, to buyC.Having passed, buy D.Pass, to buy 5. _with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A.Comparing B.To compareC.Compared D.Having compared 6.Here are some ne
27、w computer programs_ for home buildings. A.designing B.design C.designed D.to design 7. _a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp. A.To save B.Saving C.Saved D.Having saved 8.The teacher came into the classroom _by his students. A.following B.to be following C.followed D.ha
28、ving followed. 9.With the money_ , he couldnt buy any ticket. A.to lose B.losing C.lost D.has lost 10.There was so much noise in the room that the speaker couldnt make himself_ . A.being heard B.hearing C.heard D.hear 11.The result of the test was rather _ . A.disappointed B.disappointing C.being di
29、sappointed D.disappoint 12.Ive never heard the word _ in spoken English. A.use B.used C.using D.useing 13. _ how to do the homework, I went to ask my teacher for help. A.Not to know B.Not knowing C.Knowing not D.Not known 14.Deeply _ , I thanked her again and again. A.being moving B.moved C.moving D
30、.to be moved 15.With winter _ on, its time to buy warm clothes. A.came B.comes C.come D.coming 16. _the office, the foreign visitors were shown round the teaching building. A.Having shown B.ShowingC.Has shown D.Having been shown 17.He went from door to door, _waste papers and magazines. A.gathering
31、B.gathered C.gather D.being gathered 18.The student corrected his paper carefully, _the professors suggestions. A.follow B.following C.followed D.being followed 19.The _price will save you one dollar for each dozen. A.reduce B.reducing C.reduced D.reduces 20.People_ in the city do not know the pleas
32、ure of country life. A.live B.to live C.lived D.living 21.The foreigner tried his best, but he still couldnt make his point _ . A.understand B.understandingC.to understand D.understood 22.The scientists were waiting to see the problem _ . A.settle B.settled C.to settle D.settling 23.The librarys stu
33、dy room is full of students _ for the exam. A.busily prepared B.busy preparingC.busyly prepare D.are busily preparing 24.The ground is _with _leaves. A.covering, falling B.covered, fallingC.covered, fallen D.covering, fallen 25.Lessons easily _ were soon forgotten. A.to learn B.learn C.learned D.lea
34、rning 26.The wallet _several days ago was found _in the dustbin outside the building. A.stolen, hidden B.stealing, hidingC.stealing, hidden D.stolen, hiding 27.A person _a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language _all about his own. A.to learn, to forgetB.learning, to forgetC.to lea
35、rn, forgettingD.learning, forgetting 28. _different kinds of pianos, the workers farther improved their quality. A.To produce B.Being producedC.Produced D.Having produced 29.The students in the university are all taking courses _a degree. A.coming to B.going to C.leading to D.turning to 30.Many thin
36、gs_ impossible in the past are very common today. A.consider B.considering C.considered D.be considered 31. _many times, he still couldnt understand. A.Having been told B.Having toldC.He having been told D.telling 32.The old sick lady entered the hospital, _her two sons. A.to support B.supporting C.
37、supported by D.having supported 33.China is one of the largest countries in the world, _9.6 million square (平方)kilometres. A.to cover B.covered C.covers D.covering 34.“We must keep a secret of the things here“, the general said, _at the man in charge of the imformation office. A.discussed, stared se
38、riouslyB.being discussed, seriously staringC.to be discussed, seriously staredD.discussed, stared 35.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, that he had enjoyed his stay here. A.having added B.to add C.adding D.added 36.“Can you read “ Mary said， to the notice. A.angrily poi
39、nting B.and point angrilyC.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing 37. the composition, John handed it to the teacher and went out of the room. A.Writing B.Having written C.Written D.Being written 38.Were you when you saw that wild animal A.fright B.frightening C.frightened D.frighten 39.Properly _wi
40、th numbers, the books can be easily found. A.marked B.mark C.to mark D.marking 40.The child sat in the dentists chair,_ . A.tremble B.trembling C.trembled D.to trembled 41.At this moment the bell rang _ the end of class . A.announce B.announcing C.announced D.to announce 42.He walked down the hills,
41、 _softly to himself. A.sing B.singing C.sung D.to sing 43.I had to shout to make myself _ above the noise. A.heard B.hearing C.heard D.to hear 44.The graduating students are busy _material for their reports. A.collect B.to collect C.collected D.collecting 45.The cars _ in Beijing are as good as thos
42、e_ in Shanghai. A.produce, produce B.produced, producedC.produced, producing D.producing, producing 46.When I came in, I saw Dr. Li _a patient. A.examine B.examining C.to examine D.examined 47. _ a satisfactory operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly. A.Having been given B.Having
43、givenC.Giving D.Being given 48. _ a satisfactory operation, the doctor believed the patient would recover from his illness very soon. A.Having been given B.Having givenC.Giving D.Being given 49.He wrote a letter to me _that his trip to Japan had been put off because of the bad weather. A.inform B.in
44、formingC.informed D.being imformed 50.He reads newspapers every day to keep himself _about whats going on in the world. A.inform B.informingC.informed D.being informed 参考答案1.B 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.C11.B 12.B 13.B 14.B 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.D21.D 22.B 23.B 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.D 29.C 30.C31.A 32.C 33.D 34.B 35.C 36.A 37.B 38.C 39.A 40.B41.B 42.B 43.C 44.D 45.B 46.B 47.A 48.B 49.B 50.C
