1、英语句子结构英语句子成分结构详解一、英语语句基本结构分析：(一) 主谓宾结构：1、主语：可以作主语的成分有名词(如 boy)，主格代词(如 you)，数词，动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!eg: The boy comes from America.He made a speech.Tow and tow is four.To be a teacher is my dream.Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.2、谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后
2、。谓语可以是不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语，形成主谓结构，eg:We come.Many changes took place in my home town.注(以下这些词是不及物动词：表发生、出现的，如：take place, appear, happen, break out; 表来、去，如：come, go 等)3、宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them 等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外，名词，动名词，不定式等可以作宾语。eg：I will do it tomorrow.The boy needs a pen.I li
3、ke swimming.I like to swim this afternoon.(二) 主系表结构：1、主语：同主谓宾结构。2、谓语：联系动词(Link verb)：be 动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如：become 成为，turn 变成,go 变和感官动词如：feel, touch, hear, see 等。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词或副词，既，不可能是宾语。3、表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。(1)当联系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达转变为之意，注意与
4、动宾关系的区别。eg: He became a teacher at last.His face turned red.(2)感官动词多可用作联系动词eg: He looks well.他面色好。It sounds nice.这个听起来不错。I feel good.我感觉好。The egg smells bad.这个鸡蛋难闻。例：Tom is a boy.(Tom 是个男孩)主语为 Tom,系词为 be 动词的第三人称单数 is，表语为 a boy(三)There be 结构：There be 表示 存在有 。这里的 there 没有实际意义，不可与副词there 那里混淆。此结构后跟名词，表
5、示(存在) 有某事物试比较：There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。)/前一个 there 无实意，后一个 there 为副词那里 。二、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰 some,any,every,no 构成的复合不定代词时，(如：something 、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。(一) 形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。(二) 数词作定语相当于形容
6、词：Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。(三) 形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Toms pen.他的男孩需要 Tom 的钢笔。There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有 Tom 家的两个男孩。(四) 介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个 9 岁的
7、，三个 10 岁的男孩。(五) 名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。(六) 分词 (短语)作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。(七) 定语从句：The boy who is reading needs a pen.那个在阅读的男孩需要
8、一支钢笔。三、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如：often)或程度(如：almost)的副词状语通常位于 be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里
9、的女孩(此时 in the classroom 为 girl 的定语)，也可以理解为 男孩在教室里喊女孩(此时 in the classroom 为地点状语)，最好写作In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.(一) 副词 (短语)作状语：The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。( 程度状语)The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)The boy needs a pen now./Now,the
10、boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语)(二) 介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.( 条件状语)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天,教室里没有学生.( 时间状语)(三) 分词 (短语)作状语：He sits there,asking for a pe
11、n.他坐在那儿要一支笔。 (表示伴随状态)Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)(四) 不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)(五) 名词作状语：Come this way!走这条路!(方向状语)(六) 状语从句：时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，目的状语从句，比较状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用 when, as, while, be
12、fore, after, since, till, until, as soon as 等连词来引导。例如：It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.After he finished middle school, he went to
13、work in a factory.(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York.I will tell him everything when he comes back.He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.(3)在带有 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到时“，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到才“, “在以前不“,
14、 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the rain stops.We wont start until Bob comes.Dont get off until the bus stops.2. 条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由 if, unless 引导。例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?Dont leave the building unless I tell you to.(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将
15、来的动作或状态。例如：Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow.He wont be late unless he is ill.(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句“ 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.3. 原因状语从句(
16、1)原因状语从句通常由 because, since, as 引导。例如：He didnt come to school because he was ill.As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.Since you cant answer the question, Ill ask someone else.2)because 表示直接原因，语气最强。Because 引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由 why 提出的问题，只能用 because。As 和since 语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由 as 和 since 引导的原因状语从
17、居多放在句首。例如：-Why arent going there?-Because I dont want to.As he has no car, he cant get there easily.Since we have no money, we cant buy it.(3)because 和 so 不能同用在一个句子里。4. 结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由 sothat, suchthat, so that 引导。例如：He is so poor that he cant buy a bike for his son.She is such a good teacher that
18、everybody likes her.My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldnt see it.(2)sothat 语 such.that 可以互换。例如：在由 so.that 引导的结果状语从句中， so 是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “.so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句“。例如：He was so glad that he couldnt say a word.The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.Mother lives so far away that
19、we hardly ever see her.在由 suchthat 引导的结果状语从句中，such 是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词 a或 an。例如：It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the
20、 mid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.(3)如果名词前由 many, much, lit
21、tle, few 等词修饰时，只能用 so, 不用 such。例如：Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.He has so little time that he cant go to the cinema with you.5. 比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由 asas, 比较级 + than等连词引导。例如：Tom runs faster than John does.This classroom is as big as that one.6. 目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由 so tha
22、t, in order that 引导。例如： We started early so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.We used the computer in order that we might save time.(2)so that 既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词 can, could, may, might 等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表
23、示的目的很明确。例如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)7. 让步状语从句 (1)让步状语从句通常由 although, though 等连词引导。例如：Though he is young, he knows a lot.Although I am tired, I must go on working.(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说：Though it was raini
24、ng hard, but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或 It was raining hard, but he still went out.8. 地点状语从句地点状语从句常常由 where 来引导。例如：Go where you like.Where there is a will, there is a way.【实例解析】1. (2004 年北京市海淀区中考试题)You will stay healthy _ you do more exercise, such as runni
25、ng and walking.A. if B. how C. before D. where答案：A。该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词的选择。从意思上看，从句应是一个条件状语从句，在这四个选项中只有 if 能引导条件状语从句，所以选 A。2. (2004 年江西省中考试题)-Shall we go on working?-Yes, _ I prefer to have a rest.A. when B. if C. because D. though答案：D。该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词的选择。从意思上看，只有选 though 才能说得通。3. (2004 年徐州市中考试题)None
26、of us knew what had happened _ they told us about it.A. when B. until C. after D. though答案：B。该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词选择。本句的意思是“在以前我们没人知道这件事。“要表达着一意思应用“notuntil“ 这一句型。4. (2004 年泉州市中考试题)-I hope youll enjoy your trip, dear!-Thank you, mum. Ill give you a call _ I get there.A. until B. as soon as C. since D. t
27、ill答案：B。该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词的选择。本题的意思是“一到那里，我就给你打电话。“要表达这个意思应选用 as soon as。四、直接宾语和间接宾语：(一) 特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.(二) 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give 给，pass 递，bring 带，show 显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语;一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。eg:Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直
28、接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。eg:Show this house to Mr.Smith.Mr.五、宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。(一) 名词 /代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士 .(二) 名词 /代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.(三) 名词 /代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.(四) 名词 /代词宾格 + 动词不定式The te
29、acher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户.(五) 名词 /代词宾格 + 分词I saw a cat running acrothe road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.六、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. (students 是 we 的同位语，都是指同一批学生 )We all are students. (all 是 we 的同位语，都指同样的我们)七、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句
30、子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah, 等。肯定词 yes 否定词 no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps 也许,maybe 大概,acturely 实际上,certainly 当然，等。八、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。例：错句：Studyi
31、ng hard,your score will go up.正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：错句中分词 studying 没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既 your score . 显然做 study 的应是人，不应是 your score(分数). 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为 you );正确句(2) 则使用条件分句带出 study 的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).分词独立
32、结构常省略 being,having been.不过There being.的场合不能省略.如：Game (being) over,he went home.He stands there,book (being) in hand.独立结构还可用 with、without 引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如：With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.无事可做，他很快就睡着了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。(注意，此句 on his nose 不可省略!)
