1、Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology,语音学与音系学,Main Contents of the Lecture：,I. Phonetics语音学II. Phonology音系学,Revision,1. The major branches of linguistics,2. Some important distinctions in linguistics,历时语言学 共时语言学,Main Contents of the Lecture：,I. Phonetics语音学,2.1 Phonetics,Three Branches of phonetics1. Arti
2、culatory phonetics2. Acoustic phonetics3. Auditory phonetics,2.2 Phonetics,2.2.1 Articulators and their functions; 2.2.2 Voiced and voiceless sounds; 2.2.3 Nasal and oral sounds; 2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds 2.2.5 Variations of sounds,2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds,2.
3、2.4.1 English consonants 2.2.4.2 English vowels,2.2.5 Variations of sounds,2.2.5.1 Liaison 2.2.5.2 Elision and assimilation,2.1 Phonetics,Three Branches of phonetics1. Articulatory phonetics2. Acoustic phonetics3. Auditory phonetics,Phonetics,-A branch of linguistics which studies the speech sounds
4、that occur in all human languages.,Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound.,Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds-sounds that convey meaning in human communication.,Three branches of phonetics,Articulatory phonetics Auditory phonetics Aco
5、ustic phonetics,Three branches of phonetics,Articulatory phonetics发音语音学,Three branches of phonetics,Acoustic phonetics声学语音学,Three branches of phonetics,Auditory phonetics听觉语音学,语音学的三大分支:发音语音学;声学语音学；听觉语音学.,Three branches of phonetics,Articulatory phonetics-from the speakers point of view, study of “ho
6、w speech sounds are produced”.,Articulatory phonetics,发音语音学：研究语音的发生。,Acoustic phonetics-deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.,Acoustic phonetics,声学语音学：研究语音的物理特征。,Auditory phonetics-from the hearers point of view, “how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.”,Auditory pho
7、netics,听觉语音学或感知语音学：研究语音的感知。,Our primary interest will be in articulatory phonetics.,Branches of phonetics,Speech Speech Production Perception (speaker A) (speaker B),A three-step process of speech sounds,Speech transmission,2.2 Phonetics,2.2.1 Articulators and their functions; 2.2.2 Voiced and voice
8、less sounds; 2.2.3 Nasal and oral sounds; 2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds 2.2.5 Variations of sounds,2.2 Phonetics,2.2.1 Articulators and their functions;(Speech organs 发音器官),The diagram of speech organs (发音器官示意图),The diagram of speech organs,Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (alveolar)齿龈,The dia
9、gram of speech organs,4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 小舌,The diagram of speech organs,7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面 9. Back of tongue 舌背,The diagram of speech organs,10.Vocal cords 11. Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 12. Nasal cavity,Speech organs: three important areas,Pharyngeal cavit
10、y - the pharynx(咽); the throat; The oral cavity - the mouth; Nasal cavity - the nose.,International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA),国际音标,I PA,- A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).,IPA音标,国际音标是一个标准的、被国际上广泛接受的语音描述系统。,IPA音标,由
11、1888年国际语音协会 (International Phonetic Association) 的语言学家便制定，是一套可国际通用的语音符号。,I PA,- The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.,IPA音标,制定原则是“一个音位，一个符号；一个符号，一个音位”，即“一音一符”。,“One symbol per phoneme”,2.2.2 Voiced & Voiceless sounds,2.2.2Voiced sounds,Voiced(浊音): Sounds p
12、roduced with causing vibration of the vocal cords.,2.2.2 Voiceless sounds,Voiceless（清音） : Sounds produced without causing vibration of the vocal cords.,2.2.3 Nasal and oral sounds,Nasal sounds-Sounds produced in the way the air escapes through the nose as well as the mouth.,2.2.3 Nasal and oral soun
13、ds,Oral sounds-Sounds produced in the way the air escapes only through the mouth.,These phonetic features permit the classification of all speech sounds into four classes: voiced, voiceless, nasal ,and oral.,One sound must choose two of these features ,as shown by the examples in Table 1.,Table1. Cl
14、asses of speech sounds,2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds,2.2.4.1 English consonants 2.2.4.2 English vowels,Classification of English speech sounds,- English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories:Vowels; Consonants,Vowels,The most common view is that vowels are
15、sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx (喉) to the lips.,Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in
16、 that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.,International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA),国际音标,汉字注音雷人“世博双语” 成网络搞笑对象,“古的猫宁” “古的阿夫特怒” “古的衣服宁”,这种注音法被坊间称作是“最雷人英语”。 专家们也表示，用这样的方式学外语并不可取。,“坎挨海尔扑油”,“有什么需要帮助您的吗？” Can I help you?,“杰丝特眸闷特，普立斯”,“请您稍等”,“俺么搔瑞，挨坎翁累 丝鼻科额累偷英格历史”,“对不起，我只能讲简单的英语”,连几乎全世界人人会说的“再见”也有了对应中国汉字“白
17、白”。,有网民戏谑地评论说：“这种句子如果真的完全按照中文读下來，其难度甚至会比直接读英语还要高。”,出租车司机们的“汉字英语”:“为尔啊右勾英”、“忽太儿”、“维尔抗姆”,“为尔啊右勾英”（你想去里） “忽太儿”（宾馆） “维尔抗姆”（欢迎）,华东师大对外汉语教授潘文国建议说，上海市民见到外宾不妨大大方方地用中文向他们打一声招呼：“你好！”事实上，许多外国游人都会入乡随俗礼貌地回一声“你好！”,如果我们能教在上海生活、游览的外宾学会“侬好”“谢谢侬”“再会”等三句吴侬软语，这样极其浓郁的方言文化，或许还会给每一个世博国际友人留下难忘的印象，让他们把“侬好”带向全世界。,English,曾看过
18、一个幽默，也是说的小学生给英语单词“English”标注汉字的事，30年后，大家都兑现了自己的诺言。,“应给利息” “因果关系” “英国里去” “硬改历史” “应该累死” “阴沟里洗”,标注“应给利息”的同学当了银行家；,标注“因果关系”的成了哲学家;,标注“英国里去”的成了海外华侨;,标注“硬改历史”的成了政治家;,标注“应该累死”的成了富士康员工;,而标注“阴沟里洗”的却成了菜贩子。,Example:,我的小学和初中生活是在农村度过的。初中一年级时才开英语课。对于一个农村孩子来说，学英语是一件别扭拗口的事情，却又如同刘姥姥进了大观园一切觉得新鲜。第一节课，“聪明”的我就发明了便捷而“有效”
19、的学习方法汉字谐音标注法。,至今还记得老师那节课老师教的五个单词：我分别标注为：肉死、半个、碰、败的、币（此处的省略号只有我自己知道，代表此处拖长音）。,玫瑰花、书包、钢笔、床、蜜蜂,老师还教了一句课前师生问候语：我标注为：狗得猫铃踢扯、狗得猫铃死就等它！,Good morning teacher 和 Good morning students (老师，早上好！ 同学们，早上好！),几节课下来，我因记忆力超常（其实并非记忆力超常，而是我的汉字标注法帮助的结果）和课堂发言踊跃被老师在全班同学面前“狠狠”地表扬了N次。同学们因为羡慕、崇拜的原因，纷纷向我请教，也因此成了我的“粉丝”。,“一枝独秀不
20、是春，百花齐放春满园！”后来，我把学习方法传给了几个死党级的“粉丝”。没料想，死党又传给了死党的死党，就这样一传十、十传百，我的“汉字谐音标注法”如星星之火在全班燎原，甚至有些“粉丝”竟然把它发扬光大：,课本上出现了诸如“爷死(yes)、爸死(bus)、妈死(mouse)、奶死(nice)”等惨不忍听、令人发怵的笑话级的标注。,毛泽东诙谐英语：三块肉喂你马吃,英语是当今世界上主要的国际通用语言之一，毛泽东以战略家的眼光清楚地认识到了掌握英语的重要性，早在1955年他就对人说过：“英语将来是世界语言，要学一点，会有好处的。”,当时住处与毛泽东的住处窗对窗的曾志后来回忆说：“主席不知从哪里弄来两本
21、初中英文（第二和第三册），有时就坐在窗前大声地念英文，他读音不准，又夹带很重的湖南腔，念起来十分可笑（我在教会学校学过一点英文，所以知道英语该怎么个读法），他在那边愈是认真地读，我在这边愈是笑得厉害，可主席并不介意，依然旁若无人般地在那里念他的湖南英语。”,就是在这种不断“出丑”的磨砺中，毛泽东学会了一些英语单词和短句。到了延安后，陆续有外国记者来访，这给他创造了接触纯正英语和学习英语的机会。据美国著名记者史沫特莱回忆：“在会话方面，他和我一样糟。为了补助他的湖南方言，他向我的秘书学普通话，向我学英语。他也学唱英文歌，但他的嗓子是平板单调的，因此毫无成绩。”,1939年，斯诺第二次访问延安，把
22、一本有他亲笔签名的著作西行漫记（Red Star Over China）送给毛泽东。毛泽东当即回了一张便条，上面只有一句话：,“三块肉喂你马吃”。斯诺一头雾水，在下方打了个问号。,待读过一遍，他才恍然大悟，原来是英语“Thank you very much（非常感谢）”的中文音译。斯诺禁不住被毛泽东这一幽默诙谐的“创举”逗得大笑起来，并在后边再打了两个感叹号。,1946年8月6日下午，毛泽东在延安窑洞前半山坡平台上的一个小石桌旁，会见了美国女记者斯特朗。他谈笑风生，纵论天下。交谈中，毛泽东把身子向后一仰，开怀地得出结论：“美国反动派是”,于是，由“纸（paper）”和“老虎（tiger）”这两
23、个单词组合，临时造出的一个英语中没有的复合词“paper-tiger”就出现了，这实际上是硬译。毛泽东高兴地笑了，用带着浓重湖南腔的英语说：“拍拍-太根儿！”,“paper-tiger”后来便随着毛泽东的著名论断，在全世界广泛流传了，它也成了毛泽东最喜欢说的一个英语单词。,II. Classifications of IPA,元音（Vowels） IPA 辅音（Consonants）,II. Learning IPA,前元音单元音 中元音 元音 后元音双元音 合口双元音 集中双元音,单元音 The Pure Vowels,前元音（The Front Vowels） 中元音（The Centra
24、l Vowels） 后元音（The Back Vowels）,双元音 The Diphthongs,合口双元音（The Closing Diphthongs） 集中双元音（The Centering Diphthongs）,半 元 音 The Semi-Vowels,/w/ /j/,Classification of consonants,English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions:,The place of articulation(发音部位) The manner of articulation (发音方
25、法),英语辅音的发音部位;发音方法；,The place of articulation,bilabial: p, b, m, w; labiodental: f , v; dental: W, T; alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, l, r; palatal: F, V, tF, dV, j ; velar: k, g, N; glottal: h.,1. bilabial (双唇音),Speech sounds produced using both upper and lower lips, both lips are articulators.,1. bilabial
26、 (双唇音),bi- two; twice; double. labial 唇音,1. bilabial (双唇音),p, b, m, w,2. labiodentals (唇齿音),Speech sounds produced with the upper teeth and the lower lip.,2.labiodentals (唇齿音),They are represented by the symbols f and v respectively.,3. Dental (齿音),or interdentals :speech sounds produced with the li
27、p of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth.,The place of articulation,dental: , ,4. alveolar(齿龈音),Speech sounds produced with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge.,4. alveolar(齿龈音),t, d, s, z, n, l, r;,5. palatal(腭音),Speech sounds produced with the back of the tongue at the hard
28、 palate.,5. palatal(腭音),F, V, t , d , j ;,6. velar(软腭音),Speech sounds produced with the back of the tongue against the soft palate or velum.,6. velar(软腭音),k, g, ,7. glottal(喉音),one sound that is produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth.,7. glottal(喉音),h,双唇音 唇齿音 齿音 齿
29、龈音 腭音 软腭音 喉音,The manner of articulation,The manner of articulation,stops/plosives: p, b, t, d, k, g;fricatives: f, v, s, z, W, T, F, V, h;affricates: tF, dV; liquids: l(lateral), r; nasals: m, n, ; glides/semivowels: w, j.,1. stops/plosives（爆破音）,Speech sounds produced by some form of complete stoppi
30、ng of the airstream (very briefly) and then letting it go abruptly.,1. stops/plosives（爆破音）,p, b；t, d；k, g,2. Fricatives (摩擦音):,Speech sounds produced by blocking the airstream, and having the air push through the narrow opening in the mouth with friction.,2. fricatives (摩擦音):,f, v, s, z, h9,3. affri
31、cates(塞擦音/破擦音):,Speech sounds produced by stopping the airstream from the lungs, and then slowly releasing it with friction.,3. affricates(塞擦音/破擦音):,tr, dr,4. liquids(流音),Speech sounds produced when there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth, but now enough to cause any real friction.,4
32、. liquids(流音),l, r,5. nasals: （鼻音）,Speech sounds produced when the velum is lowered and the airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose.,5. nasals: （鼻音）,m, n, ,6. glides(滑音),Speech sounds produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream in the mouth.,6. glides(滑音),Semivowelsw, j,The pla
33、ce of articulation,Bilabial; Labiodental; Dental or interdental; Alveolar; Palatoalveolar; Palatal; Velar; Uvular; Glottal.,The description of English consonants,Consonant phones of English,Classification of vowels,- English vowels can be divided into two large categories:,Monophthongs or pure/singl
34、e vowelsDiphthongs or gliding vowels,Monophthongs or pure/single vowels,-According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as:,front vowels: I:, I, e, Z, A, B;central vowels: E:, E, Q;back vowels: u:, u, C:, C, B:.,Diphthongs/gliding
35、vowels,ei, ai, aU, EU, Ri, iE, ZE, UE.,Classification of vowels,- English vowels can be divided into two large categories:,Monophthongs(单元音) orpure/single vowels Diphthongs (双元音) or gliding vowels,Monophthongs or pure/single vowels,-According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the proces
36、s of production, the vowels can be distinguished as:,front vowels: I:, I, e, Z, ;central vowels: :, , Q;back vowels: u:, u, C:, C, a:.,According to the shape of the lips or the degree of lip rounding,Rounded (圆唇元音);Unrounded(非圆唇元音),According to the shape of the lips or the degree of lip rounding,rou
37、nded: u:, u, C:, C;unrounded: I:, I, e, Z, A, B, E:, E, Q, B:.,According to the length of the vowels,long: I:, E:, u:, C:, B:short: I, e, Z, A, E, Q, B, u, C.,Diphthongs/gliding vowels,ei, ai, aU, EU, Ri, iE, ZE, UE.,2.2.5 Variations of sounds,2.2.5.1 Liaison 2.2.5.2 Elision and assimilation,2.2.5.1
38、 Liaison(连音),The phenomenon of the linking of words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison.,2.2.5.1 Liaison(连音),The phenomenon of the linking of words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison.,2.2.5.1 Liaison(连
39、音),Whats your name? My name is How did you like it?,2.2.5.1 Liaison(连音),Congratulations education individual graduation,2.2.5.1 Liaison(连音),He is a student. That is a right answer Ill be back in half an hour,2.2.5.1 Liaison(连音),ImanEnglish boy. Itisanold book. Let me havea lookatit. Ms Black worked
40、inanoffice.,2.2.5.1 Liaison(连音),I calledyou halfanhourago. Putiton, please. Please pickitup.,2.2.5.1 Liaison(连音),Notatall. 黄晓明是因为他读音好像普通话的“闹太套”，所以被无聊网友大肆嘲笑。,2.2.5.1 Liaison(连音),I looked forit hereand there. Thereis a football underit.,2.2.5.1 Liaison(连音),Notatall. 黄晓明是因为他读音好像普通话的“闹太套”，所以被无聊网友大肆嘲笑。,2
41、.2.5 Variations of sounds,2.2.5.2 Elision and assimilation,2.2.5.2 Elision (省音),Elision: Under certain circumstances some sounds may disappear. The loss of a sound or sounds in speech like these is called elision.,2.2.5.2 Elision,Elision: it tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orth
42、ographically represented.,2.2.5.2 Elision,e.g. sign, design, paradigm, there is no g sound; but the g sound is pronounced in their corresponding forms signature, designation, paradigmatic.,2.2.5.2 Assimilation(同化),Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to
43、neighboring words or syllables.,2.2.5.2 Assimilation(同化),音的同化也是一种连读的现象，两个词之间非常平滑的过渡，导致一个音受临音影响而变化。,Assimilation Regressive assimilation（逆同化）Progressive assimilation（顺同化）,Regressive assimilation（逆同化） a following sound influences a preceding sound, making the two sounds similar.Eg: think,Progressive a
44、ssimilation （顺同化）a preceding sound influences a following sound, making the two sounds similar.,Progressive assimilation （顺同化）the preceding sounds bring about the change Eg: maps; cats; dogs,Assimilation in Mandarin,好啊 hao wa 海啊 hai ya 看啊 kan na 跳啊 tiao wa,Assimilation in Mandarin,一、前面音节的收尾音素是、o、e、i
45、、的时候，读y，写成“呀”或“啊”原来是他啊 (t y) !,Assimilation in Mandarin,我喜欢听你唱歌啊 ( y)! 别着急啊 (j y)! 这水好绿啊 (l y)!,Assimilation in Mandarin,二、前面音节的收尾音素是u(o)的时候，读w，写成“哇”或“啊”这药真苦啊 (k w)!快来瞧啊 (qio w)!,Assimilation in Mandarin,三、前面音节的收尾音素是n的时候，读n，写成“哪”或“啊”天啊 (tin n) ，大家快来看啊 (kn n)!他真是个好人啊(rn n)!,Assimilation in Mandarin,“
46、一”和“不”在语流中也经常发生变调。规律如下： 1.在去声字的前面，“一、不”都变为阳平一定ydn 一共yn一律yl 一致yzh,Assimilation in Mandarin,不必bb 不但bdn 不是bsh 不要byo,Assimilation in Mandarin,2.在非去声字(阴平、阳平、上声)的前面，“一”变为去声，“不”仍读为本调。一般ybn 一心yxn 一直yzh 一同ytn 一起yq 一手yshu,Assimilation in Mandarin,不堪bkn 不惜bx 不如br 不良blin 不许bx 不解bji,Assimilation in Mandarin,3.“一
47、、不”夹在重叠动词等词语的中间时，读轻声。 想一想xinyixin 看一看knyikn谈一谈tnyitn 好不好hobuho来不来libuli 想不到xinbudo,“一”和“不”的变调口诀: 去声之前念阳平， 非去之前念去声，词语中间念轻声，变调规律记心中。,English Song,Edelweiss,Edelweiss,雪绒花/Edelweiss是音乐之声the Sound of Music中的插曲,Edelweiss,雪绒花,Edelweiss, edelweiss, Every morning you greet me. Small and white, Clean and bright, You look happy to meet me.,雪绒花，雪绒花， 每天清晨迎接我。 小而白，纯又美， 总很高兴遇见我。,Blossom of snow, May you bloom and grow, Bloom and grow forever. Edelweiss, edelweiss, Bless my homeland forever.,雪似的花朵深情开放， 愿永远鲜艳芬芳。 雪绒花，雪绒花， 为我祖国祝福吧！,
