1、鲍珉璋 (Leo) bmz_,英语四级语法（基础）,英语句子的拆分： This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific departments can not be predicted in detail.,英语译群的基本形式：,主谓宾结构：主语（名词）+谓语（动词）+宾语（名词） 例句： I speak En
2、glish.主谓修饰结构：主语（名词）+谓语（动词）+修饰语（形容词，副词，状语，被动态等） 例句： He looks cool.Tom runs fast.He stayed at home.I was beaten.,英语句子的组成,英语的复合句都是由数个短意群组成的：You are the girl who Im looking for.,谓语以及非谓语,Finishing the homework, Tom wanted to watch TV.,动词的时态,一般过去时,动词的变化1：+ed Ex. They watched that movie yesterday.动词的变化2：+i
3、ed Ex. try tried动词的变化3：不规则变化 Ex. is was,一般现在时,第三人称单数： +s结尾是s,x,sh,ch的话，+es表示规律发生的动作：Tom reads newspaper every night.表示客观规律：The sun rises from the east.,进行时：,动词变化：be + 动词现在分词（+ing）现在进行时:They are having a picnic.过去进行时：They were having a picnic.,完成时：,动词变化：have (had) + 动词过去分词现在完成时：I have finished my hom
4、ework so that I can play football now.过去完成时：I had finished my homework until my mother came back.,意群的类型：,主谓宾结构：I speak English.主谓(修)结构：Tom runs fast.,冠词：,a, an, the:At same time, educational researchers have come up with innovative teaching strategies for kids.,修饰语： （形容词与副词）,形容词：There is still a new
5、 subject.There is something new.副词：The WHO has given multi-drug therapy to patients freely for the last five years.,修饰语：副词,副词修饰动词：He can take photos very well.副词修饰形容词：Your English is extremely good.副词修饰副词：I push the door very hard.,短译群中的修饰语（介宾结构）,One difficulty is that almost all of what is called b
6、ehavioral science continues to judge behavior by states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature and so on.,短译群中的修饰语（介宾结构）,The role of natural selection in evolution was studied only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintain
7、ing the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized.,短译群中的修饰语（插入语）,Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use.,短译群中的修饰语（插入语）,It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by
8、 the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.,短译群中的修饰语（插入语）,It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of th
9、e integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.,短译群中的修饰语（插入语）,Fortunately, he survived the accident.,短译群中的修饰语（插入语）,But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine combination.,短译群中的修饰语（插入语）,In the ear
10、ly industrialized countries of Europe, the process of industrialization, with all the important changes in social patterns, has maintained for nearly a century.,短译群中的修饰语（插入语）,The existence of giant clouds was virtually important for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its domin
11、ant position.,谓语及非谓语的区别,This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific departments can not be predicted in detail.,各种短译群,This trend began during the Second World War, when severa
12、l governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific departments can not be predicted in detail.,从句的结构,主句 + 引导词（连词） + 从句 You are the girl who Im looking for.,各种从句的引导词：,名词性从句： 关系代词：what, which, who, whatever, whichever, whoever 连接副词：where, wh
13、en, why, how, whether, if, that,名词性从句,特点：引导词需要在主句当中充当成分，去掉引导词之后主句部分不完整。 Its quite hard to say whether he will win the game.,名词性从句,主语从句： When he will come here is still unknown.宾语从句： We still dont know when he will come here.,名词性从句,关系代词： What the parents really care about is the quality of education.
14、从属连词： When he will come here is still unknown.,名词性从句,从属连词： where, when, why, how, whether, if从属连词that: The captain ordered that everyone should abandon the ship immediately.,修饰语的翻译（定语从句）,You are the girl who Im looking for. 特点：1.从句成分不完整2.先行词必须在从句当中充当一个成分3.引导词不充当任何成分且没有意义,修饰语的翻译（定语从句）,Furthermore, hu
15、man have the ability to modify the environment which they live in.,修饰语的翻译（定语从句）,In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.,修饰语的翻译（定语从句）
16、,Pearson has collected the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.,修饰语的翻译（定语从句）,It assumes that there is an agreed opinion of human rights, whi
17、ch is something the world does not have.,修饰语的翻译（定语从句）,Behavior science is that branch of social science which seeks to study human and their behavior in the same reasoned, orderly, and systematic way that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.,修饰语的翻译（同位语从句）,This trend began durin
18、g the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishments can not be foreseen in detail.,修饰语的书写,The medical researchers were painfully aware that there are many problems _.(他们至今仍没找到答案。),修饰语的翻译（定语
19、从句）,We have got the information that youre looking for. Liu Xiang was hurt.,修饰语的书写,We can tell a lot of stories about those _. (毕生致力于诗歌的人),状语从句的书写,Our years of hardwork are all in vain, _. (更不要提我们所花费的大量金钱了),修饰语的书写,The treatment and prevention of AIDS is the area _. (我们能够合作的领域),修饰语的书写,He designed the
20、 bridge, which _.(完美的结合了美观以及实用),复合从句的引导词,They may find many _ differ in race, religion and ethnic background.A. that B. people C. friend D. who,复合从句引导词,They can always go back or go on to something new _ is better and higher than the past.A. which B. that C. what D. when,复合从句引导词,But a bird has a sin
21、gle alarm cry, _ means “danger”.A. what B. which C. that D. this,复合从句的引导词,The belief _ the more schooling people have, the more money they will make when they leave school is widespread in the United States.A. which B. where C. that D. when,复合从句的引导词,We had rented a cottage on a river in the heart of
22、 the country _ the whole family was going to spend the three week holiday.A. where B. that C. which D. when,复合从句的引导词,They generally go to places _ the scenery is beautiful and the air is clean.A. where B. that C. when D. when,复合从句引导词,It was in Paris _ I first met her.A. where B. that C. what D. when
23、,复合从句引导词,It was him _ your complaint should be made.A. who B. that C. what D. when,状语从句的阅读,We are thankful to them because some of these languages have since disappeared, as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.,状语与状语从句,地点状语：介词：in, on, at, behind,
24、beside, above, over,in front of, except, besides, among, between, within, below, under, to,in the front of, near, along,状语与状语从句,on 与 over:He put his watch on the table.There is a bridge over the river.,状语与状语从句,except 与 besidesIn United States, professors have many other duties _ teaching, such as ad
25、ministrative and research work.,状语与状语从句,in 与 toShanghai is in the east of China.Japan lies to the east of China.,状语与状语从句,among 与 between,状语与状语从句,in front of 与 in the front ofThere are some flowers in front of the house.There are some flowers in the front of the house.,状语与状语从句,地点状语：连词：where, wherever
26、,状语与状语从句,时间状语： 介词：in, on, at, before, after, since, for, from, during,状语与状语从句,时间状语：in, on 与 atin表在一段时间中on精确到某一天at精确到某个时间点tips：at Christmas, at night, in the morning/evening,状语与状语从句,时间状语 连词：when, while, as, till, until,状语与状语从句,till 与 untilI was doing my homework till my mother came back.I didnt do my
27、 homework until my mother came back.,状语从句的书写,The anti-virus agent was not known _. (直到一名医生偶尔发现了它),状语与状语从句,when 与 as_ it turned out, it was an Italian movie.,状语与状语从句,原因状语： 介词：because of, thanks to,状语与状语从句,原因状语： 连词：because, for, as, since, seeing that, now that, in thatso, therefore, thus,状语与状语从句,目的状语
28、： 介词：in case of, in order to, for,状语与状语从句,目的状语： 连词：in case, in order that, lest, so that, for fear that,状语与状语从句,结果状语： 连词：so that , such that He is so good that everybody likes him.He is such a good student that everybody likes him.,状语与状语从句,让步状语 介词：in spite of,状语与状语从句,让步状语： 连词：though, although, even
29、if, even though, in spite of the fact that, despite that,例题：,Ive never understood why they give you so much popcorn! It tasted pretty good, 54 . 54. A. too B. though C. still D. certainly,例题：,Its not that I have any expertise in immigration policy, 48 I have one ,the American version. 48. A. because
30、 B. since C. but D. as,例题：,52 it helped England become the centre of industrialization, its not enough. 52. A. Although B. Besides C. And D. Even,例题：,The most important conclusion that emerges from the data, 50, is not something that we found. 50. A. yet B. still C. moreover D. however,例题：,51 they g
31、et the answers, they are just guessing. 51. A. Even B. Though C. Therefore D. So,例题：,Human are extremely sensitive to smells, 47 we do not realize it. 47. A. though B. but C. thus D. when,状语与状语从句,条件状语： 连词：if, unless, when, as/so long as, only if, providing/provided thatA trademark can be renewed for
32、 another decade as _ as the user continues.A. soon B. far C. long D. fast,状语与状语从句,方式状语： 介词：in, by, with, through, via, as,从句的翻译,Please _. （按以下地址与我们取得联系）,从句的翻译,Our efforts will pay off if _. （我们的成果能用来开发新的技术）,状语与状语从句,伴随状语从句Finishing the homework, I went to play football.,伴随状语从句,Followed by a dog, I wa
33、s walking on the grass.,状语与状语从句：,_ (与我出生的地方比起来), this town is more exciting.,状语从句的阅读,Creating a European identity is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.,动词分词作后置定语,Additional social stress may also occur because of the problems arising from mass migration movements, themselves made relativel
34、y easy by means of modern transportation.,修饰语的书写,Older adults who have a higher level of daily activities have more energy and _. (与那些不运动的人相比较低的死亡率),虚拟语气的书写,The victim _ if he had been sent to the hospital in time. (本有机会活下来的),虚拟语气的书写,If _. (你当时听从了我的建议的话，那么你现在就不会陷入麻烦了),虚拟语气,If all the places _ the sa
35、me, there would not be need of the geographers.A. are B. were C. was D. would be,虚拟语气,The professor demanded that _. （我们要在下周三之前递交报告）,虚拟语气,The general issued the order that _. （军队必须立即撤离）,虚拟语气,But for the mobile phone, our communication _. （我们的通讯就不会如此方便快捷）,虚拟语气,If only _. （要是我会说几种不同的语言就好了）,虚拟语气,Had I
36、known that information, I would not have bought that stock.,虚拟语气,Should it rain, _. （农作物就有救了）,倒装句的书写,_ his application form. (直到截止日他才寄出),倒装句的书写,_ since that accident. (他们之间从来没有再说过话),倒装句的书写,Only in this place _. (他才感到安全和宁静),倒装句的书写,The witness was told that under no circumstance _. (他都不该向法庭说谎),倒装句的书写,
37、Young _, she has experienced a lot. (虽然她还很年轻),倒装语句,I shall define him as the individual who has selected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about human problem.,倒装语句的阅读,On the other hand, he did not accept as reasonable the comment made by some of his
38、 critics.,并列结构的阅读,He came to believe in a kind of language theory which states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce important consequences for the culture of a society.,并列结构的阅读,Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will con
39、tinue to be rejected, and the only way to solve our problems.,比较结构的阅读,But scientists primary task is not to think about the moral rules, any more than a businessman is expected to devote his energies to an exploration of rules in business.,否定结构的阅读,部分否定： Everybody does not believe the news. All that glitters is not gold.,否定结构的阅读,否定转移： I dont think you are right. （1）否定谓语变成否定状语： This woman didnt come here for help. He doesnt study in the classroom. (2) 否定主句变否定从句： She didnt come here because she wanted to see me.,
