1、Adverbial Clauses,Clauses of Cause 主要由下列从属连词引导： 1 Because, as, since。其中 because 语气最强，表示直接、主要原因，通常引导的从句放在句尾，特别是回答 why 提出的问题只能用 because; as 和 since 表示明显的、已知的原因，since 比 as 正式，如：,E.g. They had to move because their building was to be pulled down. As Mary was the eldest, she looked after the others. Sinc
2、e they live near the sea, they often go sailing,2 now that, seeing (that), considering (that), in that。这些连词与 as, since 意思相近，通常用于书面语，并且它们兼有其它意义。 now that 有“时间”含义，表示“既然”，说明一种新情况；seeing (that) 和 considering (that) 有“条件”含义；in that 有“某一方面”含义，如：,E.g. Now that you are well again you can travel. Seeing (tha
3、t) they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job. I was lucky in that I was able to find a good baby-sitter（保姆）.,Clauses of Result 结果从句,常用 so that, so . that, such . that, that 等连词引导， I was caught in a shower, so that all my clothes got wet. I was so tired that I could hardly keep my eyes
4、 open. He was such a good runner that I couldnt catch him.,比较：so和 such such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。,so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress
5、 so many people such a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）,sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school,Clauses of Purpose(目的从句),常用 so that, in order (that), lest, for f
6、ear that , in case等连词引导，如： I took a taxi so that I could be in time for the meeting. Come closer in order that you may see the blackboard better. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.,so that 既可引导结果从句也可引导目的从句，但结果从句表示事实，通常不含情态动词；目的从句表示希望或想要实现的事实，通常含有情态动词，如：He got up early so that he c
7、aught the train. （结果） He got up early so that he could (might) catch the train.（目的）,Lest 和 for fear (that) 含有否定意义，并且从句中动词须用 “动词原形”或 “should + V.” 的虚拟语气，如： 1. He ran away lest he (should) be caught. (= He ran away in order that he wouldnt be caught),2. I checked all the results time and again for fea
8、r that there should be any mistakes. (= I checked all the results time and again so that there wouldnt be any mistakes.),Clauses of Time,1 引导时间从句常用到下列词或词组：a. 从属连词 when (ever), while, as, before, after, since, ever since, till, until, once, now( that), as soon as 等引导，如：After / When we had finished te
9、a we all began to dance. Ill call you as soon as I get there.,b. 有 as soon as 意义的副词，如 immediately, instantly, directly 等，如： Immediately / Instantly the button is pressed, the mine explodes.,c. 某些表示时间的名词词组，如 the moment / minute / instant (= as soon as), every / each time (= whenever), the day, the ye
10、ar 等，如：,The moment / minute / instant the boy saw his mother, he stopped crying. Every / Each time Mother came to see me, she would bring me something to eat. He got ill the day he came back.,d. 一些意为“一就”的关连从属连词，如 no sooner than, hardly / scarcely / barely when 等，no sooner, hardly，barely 置于句首时要用倒装结构，
11、如： I had no sooner reached home than the telephone rang. = No sooner had I reached home than the telephone rang.,e.比较while, when, as 1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。 Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。,When you have finished your wo
12、rk, you may have a rest. 3）从句表示“随时间推移“连词能用as，不用when 或while。 As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。,f. 比较until和till 此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。,肯定句：I slept until midnight. Wait till I call you. （在
13、肯定句中可用before代替 Lets go home before the sun sets.）,否定句She didnt arrive until 6 oclock. 她直到6点才到。Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。 I didnt manage to do it until you had explained how直到你教我后，我才会做。,1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。 Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你
14、告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。,2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。 -Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？ - Until next Monday. 呆到下周一,2 时间从句常可转化成下列结构： a. 分词短语或分词的独立结构，如： When we arrived (= Arriving) at the station, we found the train gone. After the task was finished (= The task finished), we went to the bathroom righ
15、t away.,b. “on + V-ing” 结构，如： As he stepped (= On stepping) out of the car he was seized by two men.,c. 时间从句的主语和主句主语相同而谓语是复合谓语时，可把从句的主语和连系动词省去，转化成连词引导的分词、名词、形容词、介词等短语，如：,While (I was) waiting at the station, I read the newspaper. When (he was) still a boy he wrote some short poems.When (they are) ri
16、pe, these apples are sweet. They had an accident while (they were) on their way to the factory.,Clauses of Space,通常由从属连词 where 和 wherever 引导，如： Where there is a will, there is a way. Wherever they went, they were warmly welcomed.,Clauses of Manner,主要由 as, just as,as if, as though, 等连词引导，特殊引导词：the wa
17、y ,如： He doesnt speak the way as other people do. Our bodies are made up of millions of very small cells, just as a building is made of many stones or bricks. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.,as, (just) asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如
18、“，“就像“，多用于正式文体，例如：,Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。,由 as if 或 as though 引导的从句通常用虚拟语气，但如果主句谓语是感官动词，并且所述情况实现可能性大，也可用陈述语气，如：He speaks French as if (as though) he were a Frenchman.I remember the whole thing as if
19、 / though it happened yesterday. (与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） You look as if you are friends 你们看起来像朋友似的。 （陈述）,Clauses of Comparison,主要由 as . as, not so (as) . as, than 等连词引导，如：This table is as wide as that one. Mary can not run so (as) fast as Tom. The house is three times as big as ours. She finds it easier to
20、 read than to writeThe youth of today are better off than we used to be. This book is more instructive than that one.,no more than及not morethan 1）后面接数词时，no more than相当于only，是“仅仅，只不过”的意思；not more than相当于at most，是“至多，不超过”的意思。前者强调少，后者说明事实。试比较： There are no more than ten tickets left. 只剩下十张票了。（表示不多了） Th
21、ere are not more than ten tickets left. 剩票不超过十张。（说明事实）Its no more than a misunderstanding. 这只是个误会。,2）后面接比较状语从句时，no more than的意思是“和同样不”， (含有消极,否定的意味,译为“A与B都不,不也不“等。) not more than的意思是“不比更”，“不及” (含有积极,肯定的意味,表示程度上的差异。)试比较： Jack is no more diligent than John. （=Neither Jack nor John is diligent.） 杰克也和约翰
22、一样不勤奋。 (两人都不勤奋),Jack is not more diligent than John （=Jack is not as diligent as John. )杰克不如约翰勤奋。(意指两个人都勤奋,但你更勤奋) She is no more a teacher than a worker.她既不是工人,也不是教师。 She is not more a teacher than a worker.说她是个教师,倒不如说她是个工人。,no less than与 not less than1）后面接数词时，no less than“多达；足足有之多”。等于“as manymuch a
23、s .”，强调多。not less than“没有比更少；至少与一样”。等于“at least as . as”.如:The audience was no less than five thousand. 听众有五千人之多。,no less than不少于,不亚于 Sunlight is no less necessary than fresh air to a healthy body. 阳光和空气对健康的身体同样重要. 1) He is no less a person than a minister他的身分不亚于部长。 not less than至少和一样 1)She is not l
24、ess beautiful than Mary 她至少和玛丽一样美丽。,She is no less active than she used to be. 她至多和从前一样活跃。She is not less active than she used to be. 她至少和从前一样活跃。 He is not less handsome than I. 他至少跟我一样潇洒。,由关联词 the . the . 连接形容词或副词比较级构成，如： The more she thought about it, the more she liked it. The more you exercise,
25、the healthier you will be,特殊引导词：A is to B what /as X is to Y; Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。,Clause of Condition,连接词主要有 if, only if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that , provided/providing that, supposing that等。. if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 Lets go out for
26、a walk unless (if not). you are too tired. If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk.,I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.我可以告诉你真相,条件是你答应保守秘密。 Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. So long as youre happy, it doesnt matter what
27、 you do. 只要你高兴，你做什么都没有关系。 Supposing something should go wrong, what would you do then? 假如出了什么问题,你准备怎么对付?,Clause of Concession,1.though, although 这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中，though较常使用，although比though正式，二者都可与yet, still或never，the less连用，但不能与but连用。如： Although/Though he was exhausted, (still) he kept
28、on working. He is very old, but he still works very hard. Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）,nite: although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多，though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例如：She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard.,2) as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须表
29、语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.,注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactori
30、ly. = Though he tries hard, he never seems 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。,3) ever if, even though. 即使”，“纵使”之意，含有一种假设。它们常互换使用，但意义有细微差别。 even if 引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性，可用来表示与事实相反的假设，但不能用来描述已经发生的事实。 而even though 引导让步状语从句时，是以从句的内容为先决条件的，即说话人肯定了从句的事实，表示已经发生了的事。,e.g. Well make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使
31、天气不好，我们也要作一次旅行。 Even if he is poor, she loves him.(=He may be poor, yet she loves him.)即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。 Even though he is poor, she loves him.(=He is poor, yet she loves him.)尽管他很穷，但她还是爱她。,4) whetheror- “不论是否”，“不管是还是” Whether you believe it or not, it is true.Youll have to attend the ceremony whether y
32、oure free or busy.,5) “no matter +疑问词“ 或“疑问词+后缀ever“ No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however,注意：“no
33、matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)Ill eat whatever (no matter what) you give me.(whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么，我就吃什么。,6) while ( 一般用在句首 )While I like the colour, I dont like the s
34、hape,Noun Clause(名词从句),名词从句包括:主语、宾语、表语和同位语等从句。 它们可以由下列连词引导：从属连词:that, whether, if；连接代词:who(ever), whom, whose, what(ever), which (ever)； 连接副词:when, where, why, how, how much / many /long /often 等。,Clause of Subject,主语从句在句中作主语 1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等 2)连词位于句首不能省略 3)主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称
35、单数,但也有例外 Whoever is tired may rest. Why the earth moves round the sun is quite clear now. What we need is time. What we need are good doctors.,为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末 （1）It is certain that he will win the match. （2）It happened that the two cheats were there （3）It is very likely that the
36、y will hold a meeting.,在下列情况下必须把主语从句放在句尾而用 it 作形式主语：1 主句谓语是被动语态时，如： It is said that he is a good doctor.2 主句是疑问句或感叹句时，如： Is it true that the film star will come? How wonderful it is that well visit the Great Wall tomorrow.3 主句谓语动词是 appear, turn out, happen, occur, come, strike, follow, matter 等时，如,I
37、t happened that she had a cold and didnt go with us that day. It turned out that I was wrong.4 表示说话人的推测或评价，如在 it seems, it may be, it is (un)likely, it is (im)possible, it is a pity, it is a wonder 等结构中，如： It seems that this test is reliable. It is a pity (that) she cant go with us.,5 强调主句的表语时，如： It
38、 is a mystery to me how it all happened. It is necessary that he should do so.,Clause of Object,宾语从句在句中作宾语 时态： 1.主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2.主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3.主句用过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。,宾语从句的连接词 从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether. 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose , what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, which
39、ever etc. 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.,I thought (that) you had read the book I dont know if there will be a bus any more. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏 None of us knows where these new parts can be bought
40、. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.,1 宾语从句后有宾语补足语时常移至句末，而用 it 做形式宾语放在前面，如： The experiment makes it clear that air has pressure. 2 宾语从句可作某些介词和某些作表语用的形容词的宾语，如： The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的. We are sure (that) it will be a success.,3 宾语从句可以是直
41、接引语也可以是间接引语，如： He asked me, “Are you from Chengdu?”（直接引语） He asked me whether I was from Chengdu.（间接引语）,4)if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if 少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 在不定式前只能用whether. （如：I cant
42、decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。） 避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.,Clause of Predicative,表语从句在句中作表语连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why,whether,how.whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等 The reason is (that) we havent raised enough money. That is what we want to know.,Clause of Apposition,同位
43、语从句在句中作补充说明名词及其短语的从句 I am in doubt whether I should buy or not.,Relative Clause(定语从句),引导定语从句的关系词有 1 关系代词 who, whom（代人）；which（代物）；that, whose, as （代人或物）。它们的数和人称要和先行词一致，格取决于它们在句中充当的成分，如：,A machine is a kind of device which (that) helps to do work. Those who want tickets should go to the office. The te
44、chnician whom we met yesterday had worked out a new automatic device.,先行词前有限定词 all, any, every, (a) few, no, only, some, very 或序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时，或先行词是指物的不定代词 all, little, few, much, none 或 -thing 构成的复合不定代词时，一般只用关系代词 that,如：,Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard. There is not much that can be don
45、e. Ive made up my mind, and nothing (that) you say will change it.,先行词是指示代词 such 或 same 时，只用 as, 先行词被指示形容词 such 或 same 修饰时，通常用as,如： This book is not such as I expected. She said the same as she said before. Ive never seen such dogs as you describe. Ill wear the same dress as I did last time.,2 关系副词有
46、：when, where, why, 它们都在从句中作状语，其先行词总是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，如： The days when they had to import grain from abroad have now passed. Air moves from places where the pressure is higher to places where the pressure is lower. He refused to tell the reason why he did it.,限制性和非限制性定语从句 (Restrictive and Non-restrictiv
47、e Clause) That 不用于引导非限制性定语从句；先行词是主句或主句的一部分时,用 which 或 as 引导非限制性定语从句，如从句放在主句之前则用 as 而不用which,如： He changed his mind, which made me very angry. He was a foreigner, as / which I knew from his accent. As was expected, he performed the task with success.,“Noun / Pronoun + Preposition + Which / Whom / 结构
48、The resistance of a conductor depends on the kind of substance of which it is made. Isnt she the girl with whom you visited the exhibition the other day?,关系代词 whom 和 which 常常作介词 of 的宾语，用“名词代词数词ofwhom / which”结构，如： He is reading a book, the name of which I dont know. Her parents, both of whom are tea
49、chers, are very strict with her. In our class there are forty students, four of whom are from Africa.,Whose 指物时常可用 of which 代替，这时 whose 所修饰的名词放在 of which 之前，如： We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. = We had a meeting the purpose of which was completely unclear.,Coordination(并列),两个或两个以上句法功能相同的平行的词、词组或分句，可以通过并列连词(coordinate conjunction)、并列词组(coordinate connective)、连接性副词(conjunctive adverb)或标点符号连接起来，成为并列结构。以下是常用并列词语(coordinator)的主要含义：,
