1、雅思基础写作 第一讲,International English Language Testing System,SECTION 1,An Overview of IELTS,Listening,Reading,Writing,Speaking,30 min,60 min,60 min,10-15 min,IELTS WRITING,SECTION 2,An Overview of IELTS Writing,Task 1,Task 2,Time:20 min,Words: 150,Time: 40 min,Words: 250,Task 1,以考查图表为主。考的较多的图表有曲线图、柱状图、饼
2、状图、表格等。也有可能考到两种不同种类的图表。另外，流程图和示意图偶尔也会考到 。,雅思大作文的五大类型,第一大类：问题解决类题目中的问题提及 “原因”“解决方案”,The resources on the earth are above a dangerous level. What the causes of this problem? How to solve this problem?The gap between the rich and the poor is widening, as the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poo
3、rer. What are the causes of this and can you suggest some solutions.More and more children are putting on more weight than ever before. What are the causes of this and any suggestions.,第二类，第三类 议论文-同意不同意，观点比较 题目问题中出现立场性的问题 Whats your opinion? Do you agree or disagree? To what extend do you agree or d
4、isagree? Do you think this is positive? Do you think this is a positive or negative development?,第四类：说明文 题目的问题当中有中性没有立场，需要描述事实 注意关键词 effects, influence, advantage and disadvantage, what (除了what is your opinion), how, which, why.,What are the effects it may have on individuals and the society as a wh
5、ole?Discuss the advantages and disadvantages about thisWhat are some of the advantages and disadvantages of this issue?,第五类：综合类题目中出现之前提到的两种文章组合,To what extent do you think consumers are influenced by advertisements? what measures do you think can protect them? 说明+解决方案An increasing number of developi
6、ng countries are expanding their tourist industry. Why do you think it is the case? And do you think it is positive?“ 说明文+议论文Women now can do some work which traditionally be done by men. Why do you think this changes happened? What is your opinion about this change? 说明文+议论文,SECTION 3,Assessment Cri
7、teria,TA: Task Achievement(任务完成)-1 TR: Task Response(任务回应)-2,CC: Coherence & Cohesion（内容连贯与篇章衔接）,GRA:Grammatical Range and Accuracy （语法范围与精确性),IELTS 写作新评分标准：,LR:Lexical Resource （词汇资源),语言能力,思维能力,词法,段,组建文章 (话题,思路),排列 组合,雅思写作 课程设计,基础阶段,强化阶段,连词成句,句法,连句成篇,影响写作成绩的四个错误,错误一：语言绝对化人们在使用语言描述事物变化时，应尽可能避免语言过于绝对
8、化，尤其是在使用第二语言进行正式的书面表述时，更应该注意该语言中非绝对化表达方式的学习，这样才能尽显文章内容的客观性，这是绝大多数中国考生在面对雅思写作时所忽视的 。,对比如下两组句子 ：This tends to occur whenever there is a downturn in commodity prices. This occurs whenever there is a downturn in commodity prices.A child learning a foreign language at primary school causes confusion betw
9、een their native language and the foreign one. A child learning a foreign language at primary school is likely to cause confusion between their native language and the foreign one.,为解决该问题，一些表达委婉语气的用语和句式，考生可以尝试使用，如：may, might, would, could, largely, possibly, probably, be likely (unlikely) to, be inc
10、lined to, tend to, to a large (some) extent, there is a higher probability/possibility that等。,错误二: 只回答部分问题An increasing number of people are moving and living in big cities. Why is this case? Is it a positive or negative trend? (2010年1月23日 G类) 该题有两个问题，很多考生在作答时忽视了第一问，只回答第二问，抑或是把第一问和该现象积极的一面混为一谈，,考生答卷
11、,On the one hand, living in big cities brings about a considerable number of advantages, which is also why people move to big cities. Initially, it is undeniable that work conditions in big cities are usually better that those in countries and small cities. With more work opportunities and a higher
12、level of salary, people in other places, especially the young, are inclined to move to big cities. Subsequently, not only does living in big cities offer people better work conditions, but also it affords dwellers with facilities of higher quality. These facilities, such as the premium hospitals and
13、 education resources, are extremely attractive to countryside people and those in small cities.,错误三：容易跑题该现象产生的原因主要是考生没有正确地理解题目，如Some people think that foreign tourists abroad should be charged more than local people to visit a countrys cultural and historical attractions. To what extent do you agree
14、 or disagree? (2011年4月30日A类),就该题而言，很多考生将意思是“收费”的charged一词理解为“控制”，而该词是我们在中学阶段就已经学习过的。这就很容易导致作文跑题，而跑题的作文分数为5分。避免该问题，首先，在积累词汇阶段，考生应连同其同义词准确记忆;其次，由于每年的考题重复率相对较高，所以，如果时间允许，考生可以在练习阶段把近几年题目通读一遍，准确理解题目内容。,错误四：文章没有分段或分段不充分雅思作文应按照论文的写作格式分段，即有开头段，结尾段和由两到三段构成的主体段落。不论是四段式还是五段式，考生只要进行合理的分段，就能满足考试在逻辑性方面的要求。,雅思议论文写
15、作谨记六方面,No.1开头段使用模板太多考官对模板深恶痛绝的程度可能超过很多考生的想象，而且，如果考生在第一段还使用大量恶俗的模板，还在第一句说with the development of society，那他会发现他的成绩单上的作文得分会在4分左右。其实，翻翻雅思考官的范文，我们会发现，考官在第一段只干了两件事情：引出背景+表明观点，甚至很多考官只干了第一件事情(引出背景)，仅此而已。但是，考官的首段会很具体，会和文章特定场合挂钩。(请参照剑5的165页，以及剑7的163页),No2 不会使用四段论等于慢性自杀很多考生对四段论的框架貌似了解，一谈起作文段落安排就会滔滔不绝：第一段引出主题，
16、第二段陈述支持的理由，第三段陈述反对的理由，最后一段总结。这其实是一个非常害人、没有任何说服力的段落安排，如果翻开剑桥雅思考官给出的满分范文，几乎每篇文章都在告诉我们这样一个真实有用的段落安排：第一段引出主题及拓展+ 第二段反面论证及支持理由+ 第三段对方观点及驳论+ 第四段总结及补充说明。而且，段落之间的巧妙衔接也增强了文章的论证能力。建议考生多多研读考官范文，真的能看出门道出来，而不是沉浸在自己似是而非的理解里。(请参照剑5的165页),No.3 作文还要加标题英语考试有一个国际惯例(common practice)：写作文时不需要加标题，直接写正文就行。加标题属于浪费感情，浪费表情。而且
17、，这个标题可能太大，一篇250字的文章不能承担标题之重;这个标题可能太小，只照顾到你这篇文章的一小部分;这个标题可能加错了，意思与文章相反，反而会误导考官。总之，不需要加任何标题。,No.4 留给大作文的时间太短考官明确提出，Task 2 carries more weights(大作文占的分量要比小作文大)，而且考官在改作文的时候确实以大作文为主。但是考生在考试的时候，小作文控制不住时间，写得过于详细，最后留给大作文的时间只有半个小时不到，这样做就死定了。所以，我们建议小作文的时间控制在20分钟以内，超过20分钟没写完也不要再写了，而写大作文的时间一定要大于等于40分钟。,No.5 从来不知
18、道“驳论“为何物?如果你还不知道雅思大作文要写“驳论“，那你就真“后知后觉“了。中国学生经常忽略了这个强大的论证段落，而考官经常在他们的范文里使用这个武器(具体请见剑5的P165，剑6的P164，剑7的P173)。其实，这个强大的武器很好操作，第一步：先把对方主张的观点，或者是对方对我的批评摆出来，加一个简单的理由(这很好找吧);第二步：加一个转折，通常会说“但是，他们太简单化了“;第三步：先写一个in fact，再写我针锋相对的观点，或驳斥对方的观点。这样就轻松搞定了一个段落。建议大家回头研究一下这个强大的武器，用正确了可以增分不少。,15个雅思写作常见语法错误,1.可数名词永远不能单独使用
19、，必须在前面加上一个限定词，如 the/an/a/this/my ;或者复数 2.英语里动词不能做主语，被动的动词别忘了加-ed/-d 3.主谓要一致。主语很长一定要检查谓语单复数 4.Many students are like studying home economics . 只有情态动词可以加动词原形，like是动词，要去掉are 5.时态要一致，议论文极少用过去时,6.修饰名词用形容词，修饰动词用副词或者形容词 7.介词搭配：reasons for ;solutions for 8.动词替代：replace/ supplant ;instead of 是副词或者连词 9.there
20、are 句型后面的名词再加动词，动词不能原形 10.cant应写成cannot ， 注意没有空格 。,11.修饰可数名词：numerous , a host of , a vast number of ;不可数：a great deal of 12英-se结尾 , 美-ze ;英-our 结尾，美-or 13.口头语和书面语要点区分开。serious severe ;people individuals ;harm damage ;more and more increasingly; so therefore/ hence/ thus; be more than outweigh 大于/超过
21、，最常用的一句advantages outweigh disadvantages greatly 利远大于弊。 14.慎重引用句子，有些如宗教句子不能直接来做论据 15.不要轻易使用语气过于强烈的句子,攻克语法绊脚石稳拿雅思高分,从句子结构层面展开探讨 1、串句 串句是不用连词或标点而把两个(或以上)独立的句子串在一起的错误表达。有些串句是不用任何标点间隔两个甚至更多的句子；有些串句是在该用句号时滥用逗号，忽略了逗号本身没有连接句子功能的原则。 No one can deny the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem
22、 the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it. There is a general discussion there days over education in many colleges and institutes, one of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.,No one can deny the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious
23、problem the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it. There is a general discussion there days over education in many colleges and institutes, one of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.,修改和避免串句错误的常见方法： 用句号把原句分成两个独立的句子； 用连词连接两个句子； 用分号连接两个句子。,No one
24、 can deny the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem, so the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it。 There is a general discussion there days over education in many colleges and institutes; one of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime st
25、udy。,2、破句 破句是把不完整的句子当作独立的句子来写时发生的错误。从属连词引起的破句。常见的从属连词有after, unless, even if, even though ,since , before , when (whenever)，because, if, who (whoever)，while, as (as if )， which (whichever)， although , so that, where (wherever)， until, that等。像because这样的从属连词开头的从句是不能单独存在的，它依赖于另一个句子方能使意义完整，也就是说单独的从句本身就是
26、破句。,以下是常见的几个破句的例子： Students should be encouraged to take part-time job. Because it will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole。 修改后：A large number of people think that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. They fail to realize that a persons e
27、ducation is a most important aspect of his life。,International travel has given rise to large numbers of employment opportunities. For example, retail, hospitality and transportation。 点评：增加细节引起的破句。往往以下面的词语开头：for example, also, except, such as, including, especially, among, like。修改后：International tra
28、vel has given rise to large numbers of employment opportunities in retail, hospitality and transportation。,Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control. And also threatening to take already scarce city jobs。 点评：缺少主语的破句。用and之类连词打头的短语或句子居多，可通过使破句依附于前面的句子或
29、加上主语的方式进行更正。修改后：Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and also threatening to take already scarce city jobs。,3、错误的平行结构 所谓平行结构，就是指两个(或以上)意思并列的成份(包括单词、词组、从句和句子)在写作时要用同等的语法形式表达，并保证逻辑上的一致，否则就破坏了其平行结构。,错误的并列 In order to attract tourists, a lot of arti
30、ficial facilities have been built and which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment。 点评：and who/and which 结构是考生所犯的错误中最常见但最严重的一种，因为它导致从句与主句间一种不合逻辑的关系。 修改后：In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environmen
31、t。,一系列平行结构上的不正确使用 Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, offers convenience and it is not very expensive。 点评：当词或词组被放在一个系列时，它们在意义上和结构上必须都是平行的。 修改后：Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, convenient and inexpensive。,错误的省略 It is commonly thought that modern technolo
32、gy has and will dramatically change our society。 点评：这种错误在have/ has ,will, shall结构中较为常见。 修改后：It is commonly thought that modern technology has dramatically changed our society and it will continue。,逻辑上的不一致 The percentage of cancerous persons among smokers is significantly higher than non-smokers。 点评：
33、使用than或as的比较形式，较容易出现不合逻辑的现象。 修改后：The percentage of cancerous persons among smokers is significantly higher than that among non-smokers。,IELTS写作的准备内容 1、语言的正确性 2、积累写作词汇 3、学习写作句型 4、练习写作段落,写作词汇积累,1、词汇使用的多样性 2、词汇使用的升级性 3、词汇使用的丰富性,1、词汇使用的多样性反面案例：good, I think,Good的替换表达：味觉 tasty, delicious, sweet 嗅觉 fragra
34、nt, delicious 视觉 beautiful, handsome, lovely, 触觉 smooth, soft, 通用词 satisfied, terrific, encouraged, positive,I think 表达的多样性 单词表达： Assume, argue, emphasize, insist, hold,I think 表达的多样性 短语表达：In my opinion, As far as I am concerned,For my part,As for me,When it comes to me,In my point of view,高频词汇的多样性表
35、达 1、危害 harm 2、获得 get 3、解决 solve 4、问题/ problem 5、著名的famous ,高频词汇的多样性表达,6、造成，导致 cause, create lead to, result in be responsible for give rise to,高频词汇的多样性表达颗粒导致了一种严重的空气污染 烟雾。Tips： 颗粒：particle 烟雾：smog 污染：pollution 严重的：serious, severe, grave,高频词汇的多样性表达 颗粒导致了一种严重的空气污 染烟雾。 Particles cause (create, lead to,
36、 result in, are responsible for) smog, a severe air pollution.,高频词汇的多样性表达7、 good/ bad good man good teacher good student good book good advice bad,9、快乐的 happy 10、各种各样的many kinds of various kinds ofall sorts of diverse kinds of,12、事物的特征 1）巨大的 huge tremendous, enormous massive, vastFinally, we have to
37、 recognize the tremendous economic engine that draws the vast majority of illegal migrants into the United States.CNN News,12、事物的特征 2）多种的 manifold various diverse, varied a (wide) variety ofThe effects of human activity are various, some of which are positive and some are negative.,12、事物的特征 3）大量的 ma
38、ny numerous, innumerable a great number of Lakers need to overcome numerous injuries.,12、事物的特征 4) 过多的 too much (too many) Excessive Immoderate Rampant Excessive loss of soil（耕地） can have dire（可怕的） consequences.,13、重要的 adj. important basic, fundamental critical, crucial essential, vital,13、重要的 adj.1）
39、A is basic (critical, essential) to Be.g. Self confidence is basic (critical, essential) to hitting on a girl.,13、重要的 adj. 2）A plays a (n) basic (critical, essential) role in (doing) B e.g. Self confidence plays a (n) basic (critical, essential) role in hitting on a girl.,13、重要的 adj. 3) A is of basi
40、c (fundamental, crucial, critical, vital, essential) importance to B e.g. An effective communication channel is of vital importance to the establishment and development of the economic relations between Europe and China.,13、重要的 adj.urgent, high time, high priority Top priority Childhood obesity is n
41、o laughing matter, and it might be high time to get them into shape. Tips: Obesity n. 肥胖,13、重要的 adj.urgent, high time, high priority Top priority e.g. It is urgent to protect forests.It is high time to take measures to reduce the effects of global warming.,13、重要的 adj. urgent, high time, high priorit
42、y top priorityIn your freshman year at college, finding a boyfriend (or girlfriend) is a high priority for you. When you are faced with graduation, finding a decent job becomes your top priority.,13、重要的 adj. “主要的” adj. primary, principal ,major, main,14、显然地 evidently, apparently,obviously15、我相信I bel
43、ieve I insist I maintainI am convinced,16、光明的未来bright future splendid/ promising / brilliant We should never fail to make a splendid/promising future.17、著名的famous enjoy a high reputation /distinguished/prestigious/,18、“问题”短语总汇 着手解决问题 address the issue 减缓问题的危害性 alleviate the issue 使问题变得更加严重 complicat
44、e the issue,19、误导 misdirect Misguide mislead20、集中精力 concentrate on focus on,21、随着 1) Along with, With the development (growth, wide use) of 2) There is a growing tendency forto 3) As the modern society has entered a information/ digital/ cyber/ Internet age,22、时常 more often than not Frequently 23、流行
45、 fashion n. prevail v. popularity n. prevalence n. Prevalent adj.,24、准备做set out to do/ be ready to do 25、过多的 immoderate, rampant , excessive, 26、巨大的tremendousenormousmassive,27、毫无疑问 There is no denying thatIt goes without saying that理所当然Without a doubt, Undoubtedly, Deny 否认,28、按照，根据 in light of this
46、/ in terms of/ in view of/ according to 29、与有关 be connected with/be associated with/ be linked with/ concerning 固定搭配的介词！,30、说明，证明, 反映了 demonstrate, reveal, reflect, confirm 示范 反映 展现 证实31、对有正面影响对有负面影响对有深远影响32、改正adjust， modify ，Correct, mend,33、“损害”主题词汇 损害 do harm to damage destroy undermine ruin (毁灭)
47、,表示“A对B造成损害” 1. A damage B 2. A cause damage to B 3. A inflict damage (harm) upon (on) B Tips: Inflict: v. 造成,e.g. The war will inflict tremendous (enormous) Damage upon/ on the economy of the country.,破坏/损害 vb. undermine ,impairHuman activity has impaired (undermined) the ecosystem.相当于：Human activi
48、ty has had harmful effects on the ecosystem.Tips: Ecosystem: n.生态系统,承受损害 vb. suffer from e.g. Beijing suffers from sand storms. 相当于： Sand storms have adverse effects On Beijing.Adverse 不利的,危及 v. threaten endanger Jeopardize 危害,The cooperation between China and Venezuela（委内瑞拉） in the field of energy
49、might jeopardize (endanger, threaten) the interests of America.,e.g. 酒后驾驶严重危及乘客们的 生命。Tips: 酒后驾驶：drunk driving 乘客：passengers,Drunk driving seriously jeopardizes (endangers, threatens ) passengers lives.,34、“受益”主题词汇 n.& v. Benefit表示“A对B有好处” A bring (offer, provide) benefits to B,e.g. 作为地球上一种重要的物种，老虎 给人类带来经济、社会、生态方面 的益处。Tips: 物种：species 经济的：economical 社会的：social 生态的：ecological,
