1、语法总复习第一节 名词与代词名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两类。而普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中，个体名词和集体名词为可数名词，而物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。名词的复数构成通常是在其后加s；但以-s，-x，-ch，-sh 和大部分以 o 结尾的名词后加-es ；以“辅音字母+y ”结尾的名词把“y”变成 “i”，再加-es。有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，有其特殊形式。有些名词在不同的情况下，属不同的名词词类，因此有时为可数，有时则为不可数：名词的格可分为主格(作主语 )，宾格(作宾语) 和所有格( 表示所有关系)。代词可分为人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词
2、，不定代词，指示代词，关系代词，连接代词和疑问代词等九类。 名词的用法 可数名词除非前面有冠词或表示单数的限定词，否则要用其复数形式，例如：If a person disobeys the order， he will be punished severelyThe teacher firstly divided his students into four groupsThe reference book can be used to answer questions，to solve problems or to obtain information on a particular top
3、icThese courses are especially designed for senior students有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，如：child-children，foot-feet。goose-geese, mouse-mice, man-men, ox-oxen, tooth-teeth，woman-women 等。例如：Every fall geese f1y over the houseThe dentist told him that several teeth of his need to be filledMrs. Smith has three childre
4、n，and Tonny is the youngest oneI think weve got mice in the kitchen有些名词的单复数形式是一样的，如：Chinese，Japanese，Burmese(缅甸) ，Spanish (西班牙)，Lebanese (黎巴嫩) ，Portuguese (葡萄牙)，Swiss(瑞士)sheep ，deer，swine (猪) ，fish，carp(鲤鱼)，salmon (鲑) ，means， series，species，aircraft，spacecraft 等。例如：The best fish are near the bottomW
5、hen they got to the New World，Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish architectural featuresI saw a white sheep running down the roadJudging by his language，he must be a Japanese在表示一类事物时，介词 of 后的名词要用复数形式。例如：Beethoven is of the greatest musicians in the worldThe Animal Art Festival is being hel
6、d at Shanghai zoo, which is one of the most welcome festivals in the city.As one of the countries that bear responsibility for the incident, German Chancellor Schroeder holds that the organization should apologize to Chinese government unconditionally.She is one of the three martyrs who were killed
7、in NATOs bombing on the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia. 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如：army，audience，class，committee，crew(全体船员，乘务员)，crowd， faculty，family, government group orchestra，public，team，union 等。但有些虽然是单数形式，却用作复数，如：cattle（牡畜）mankind(人类)，militia(民兵 )，people，police，poultry(家畜)，staff(全体职员)等。例如：The president
8、said the Chinese Gowrnment is paying close attention to developments in this matter, and continues to reserve the right to take future action.The cattle, were grazing on the meadow near the farm.The audience were amused by his humorous stories.My family is far away from the school.有些名词只有复数形式，而且也只用作复
9、数，如：clothes，glasses，spectacles，pants，arms(武器) ，belongings(所有物) ，customs(海关)，goods(货物)，suburbs(郊区)，papers(文件)等；而有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如：electronics( 电子学)，mathematics(数学)，optics( 光学)，politics ，statistics(统计学)等。例如：The shorts he wears are made of leather.Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.He used to
10、study electronics which isnt his favorite sujectI love to live in the suburbs that are conclusive有些名词一般情况下以单数形式出现，表示总体。但如果表示若干、多次或几种时，则要用其复数。这类词有：hair ，fruit，pollution，rain，difficulty，success ，wind，failure ，favour 等。例如：The barber had been cutting human hair for two years before he came to Los Angele
11、sMother bought oranges，bananas and other fruits.These caves collapse easily in heavyrains, and great windsHes having financial difficulties有些名词一般只有单数形式，它们通常是表示物质和抽象概念的不可数名词，像：advice， baggage，bread，corn，clothing，equipment，education，fun，furniture，food，fruit，garbage，grass，happiness，homework，housework，h
12、umanity，information ，knowledge ，landscape，1aughter ，machinery，mankind ， merchandise，money，music ，nonsense，nature，population，progress，scenery，smoke，sweat，strength，traffic ，thunder，ink，jewellery ，damage，mail ，work， soap，sugar，gold，chalk，cloth，anger，applause，cake ，chocolate ，poverty 等。例如：I must seek th
13、e advice of a specialist in the matter of the transfer of property rightsHeadache is the most common disease of human.I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time.The population of Shanghai is very big.有些名词单复数的含义不同，使用时要根据上下文的意思进行选择。这类词包括：communication(通讯)communications(通讯系统，通讯工具) ，cloth(布)
14、-clothes(衣服)，content(内容)-contents(目录) ，convenience(便利)-conveniences(便利设备), humanity(人类)-humanities( 人文科学)，necessity( 需要)-necessities(必需品 )，wood(木材)-woods(树林) ，pain( 疼痛 )pains(辛劳)，ruin(毁灭)-ruins(废墟，遗迹)，sand(沙子)-sands(沙滩)，work(工作)-works( 工厂，著作)等。例如：“Hometown” is one of Lu Xuns most famous worksThe ins
15、urance company paid $98，700 in damages for the accidentMy child enjoys playing on the sandsNo pains，no gains有些名词只有复数形式。如：fundamentals(基本原则), goods(货物), means(方法) ,shorts(短裤) ， sweets(欢乐), valuables( 贵重物品 )等。The fundamentals are made to guarantee the social stabilityDont take any valuables there for
16、the sake of safety.The goods were purchased from him arent expensive.I think our problem can be solved by means of negotiation. 名词做定语时，不能用作复数。例如：Please check your examination paper carefully after finishing。The Chinas Central Television Station supplies weather report everyday，Youd better inform my
17、family members before leaving for BeijingThe United States and Germany are two member states of NATO.复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。如：looker(s)-on，runner(s)-up，son(s)-in-law，editor(s)-in-chief ，passer(s)-by，grand-child(ren)，armyman(armymen)，room-number(s)，shoe lace(s)，dinner plate(s)， blood type(s)等。如果没有主体
18、名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。如：go-between(s)，drawback(s)等。注意以 man，woman 构成的复合名词，全部变成复数。如：man-servant men-servants, woman-soldierwomen-soldiers。例如：Would you bring me some dinner plates?We had a wonderful talk with some women-soldiers Dont regard yourselves as passers-by under such circumstancesWe are of differen
19、t blood types名词的所有格一般在词尾加 s，已有复数词尾-s 的，只加 。例如：We must work hard to fulfil the countrys plansThe school is within a stones throwNearby are her relatives housesCould you tell me the Smithss addres?名词所有格有时还可以和 of 构成短语，有以下两种情况：1)它所修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词，如：a，two， several，some，any，no，few 等。 2)它所修饰的词前面有+个指示代词，使句子
20、表示某种情绪。例如：Several students of Lao Yangs acted in the playWe saw a play Guo Moros.At birth，the head of a baby is extremely large in relation to the rest of the body。I have some records of NaYings.2代词的用法 1)人称代词有主格人称代词，在句中充当主语：I ，you， he，she，it, we，you，they 和宾格人称代词，在句中充当宾语：me，you，him，her，it, us，you；the
21、m。例如：We havent seen each other for a long time since he went abroadLet you and me have an appointment for the next weekend.Have you got any idea about this issue? Tell us whatever youve heard.2)物主代词可在句中作定语，有指人的：my，our，your ， his，her 和 their；有指物的:it，his 或 her(指国家或轮船)。名词性物主代词作表语、主语、宾语，与 of 连用可作定语：your
22、s，ours，theirs，mine ，her，his，its。例如：Tonny is an old friend of mineMy dormitory is next to yours，and Marys is on the third floorTitanic sank with her several thousand passengersNext time its on my treat3)反身代词亦称自身代词，可作宾语、表语，作主语或宾语的同位语，还与某些动词连用，与介词连用构成成语。有：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself ，ourselv
23、es，yourselves ，themselves。例如：These children are too young to take care of themselvesDont worry，he will be himself again soonAlthough Uncle George is a bad-tempered man，I think he is a kind man in himselfYou should be responsible for yourself4)相互代词表示相互关系，有：each other(两者之间) 和 one another(多者之间) 。例如：I m
24、et Miss Scott this morning，and we greeted each other We should learn from one another and make progress together，5)指示代词在句中充当主语、宾语和定语，有：this，that，these，those。Such 也是指示代词，可作定语、主语和表语，修饰可数名词时要与 a 连用。例如：Nowadays TV programs are much more colorful than those Of the pastThe money spent on entertainment，acc
25、ording to some authorities，has exceeded that spent on public healthI want to know this：are you talking about the accident I encountered yesterday?His future is closely bound with that of the company。You shouldnt trust on such a person who never keeps his promise6)疑问代词有 who，whom，whose，what which。who
26、可作主语和表语；whom 作宾语，whose， what，which 可作主语、表语、宾语和定语，其中作主语时，要看所代表的人或物是单数还是复数，如果不清楚，则动词一般用单数。Who will see to this matter?Whom have you chosen to be responsible for the work?It is hard to decide whose is better.Whats on your schedule? Which university did he enter at last?7)关系代词有 who，whom，whose，that ，whic
27、h 。which 代表事物，that 代表人或物；在非限制性定语从句中，不能用 that，而用 who(m)代表人，用 which 代表物，或代表主句所说的全部内容。在带有a11，something ，nothing，anything，much 等的句子中不能用 which，而用 that。例如：Our football team was defeated again，which shows our players need much more effortThe factory now has over 1,000 workers，half of whom are womenHe promi
28、sed to tell us all that he knewWhose turn to make presentation is bcyond me.8)连接代词有：what，who， whonl，whose，which，用来连接主语从句、宾语从句和表浯从句。Whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever 为复合代词。例如：I didnt know what to do at that very momentThe government sell public houses to whoever provides enough amount Of moneyWhome
29、ver I worry about is none of your businessTake whichever you like，please第二节形容词与副词形容词和副词在语法结构上都有比较级和最高级，它们的构成方法基本上一样，都与音节多少有关，有些形容词和副词有特殊的比较级和最高级形式。二者基本分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。 1形容词与副词的用法形容词中有词形相近的，也有词义相近的，应注意区别。如：1)behind(在后的)-hind(后部的 )，considerate( 周到的，体贴的)-considerable(应考虑的)，eminent(闻名的)-imminent(紧迫的)
30、，gracious(亲切的)-graceful(优雅的)， like(有生命的)-alive(活的) ，industrious(勤劳的)-industrial(工业的)，like( 同样的)-alike(同样的，仅作表语)，opposite( 相对的)-opposing( 反对的) ，perspective(透视的)-respective(各自的)，sensitive( 伤感的 )-sensible(明显的)，etc， 。例如：We did enjoy your staying in Beijing，and Mrs. Yan is really considerateProfessor Li
31、has many world-famous inventions，and he is respectable to usAs any one knows that we use our front teeth for biting and our hind teeth for chewingIts a considerable success for him2)elemental(初步的)-fundamental(基本的)，eligible( 合格的)-capable( 能干的)，flexible( 灵活的)-changeable(可改变的) ，initial(最初的)-preliminary
32、( 初步的，预备的)，slack( 松弛的)-lazy(懒惰的) ，valueless(无价值的)-priceless(无价的) ，vivid(生动的) 一 living(活的)，etc 。例如：Henrys speech was so vivid that his audience applauded againand again，It is easier to adapt to new situations if one has a flexible attitudeWe have finished the preliminary examYour suggestion is pricel
33、ess， and 1 will consider carefully3)有些词尾为-ly 的并非副词，而是形容词，如： lovdy，likdy，deadly，earthly(现世的)，leisurdy( 空闲的)，weekly，yearly，manly(丈夫气概的) ，brotherly ，friendly 等。例如：What a lovely girl Jenny isShe is always ready to help othersChina Daily is of course a daily newspaper but not a weekly oneHe is a very fri
34、endly young manAs he didnt have anyexperience，he was likely to have problems以下情况形容词常用于后置：1)形容词短语，即形容词+副词，介词短语或不定式。2) 一些表语性形容词要后置，如：present，available，involved，concerned，etc, 。3)形容词修饰不定代词something，anything，everything 时要后置。例如：There was something nice about my feeling that she knew a11For this reason， a
35、s well as the additional cost involved，flow force compensation is generally not desirable I came across another question hard to answer thenI wondered if there was a room available副词的位置为：修饰哪个词就放在哪个词前面；放在系动词和助动词之后，行为动词和分词之前。例如：I had only five-dollar bill with me when l boarded the townward trainThe o
36、ld law were instituted to protect the long neglected rights of children.I can hardly believe that he is the murdererAlthough he has advantages，it is still too early to say that he is sure to win2比较级与最高级的基本形式和用法形容词的比较级和最高级的构成为：单音节词一般在词尾加-er 和-est。如果以-e 结尾，仅加-r 和-st；如末尾仅有一个辅音字母，须双写词尾冉加-er 和-est ；如果以 y
37、 结尾的，把 y 变 i，加-er ，-est；多音节单词和双音节词(其中包括由分词和分词演变而来的形容词，如：known ，worn， wounded，shocking，striking ，interesting，ect, 则在其前加 more 和 most；有些形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，如：good(well)-better-best，bad(ill)-worse-worst，many(much)-more-most，little-less-least，far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)。有些形容词没有比较级形式，如：absolute，c
38、hief，entire，eternal，excellent ，fatal ，final，foremost ，inevitable ，infinite，main，naked ，perfect， possible，primary，right，sufficient，supreme，universal，utter，vital ，whole ，wooden，etc，例如：Mary is the best student in the classFurther negotiation will be conducted next monthThe food we have is sufficient.Ne
39、edless to say，he is stronger than his opponent一般副词的比较级和最高级与形容词一样，单音节的以在词尾加-er 和-est 构成，多音节的以加 more 和most 的方法构成；有些比较特殊，如：well better-best，badly-worse-worst，much-more-most ，little-less-least。以 -ly 结尾的副词，在其前面加 more，most, 例如：Tonny runs most quickly than any other students in the classWhich do you like b
40、est，Thorn Birds ，Gone With the Wind Or Great Expectation?I prefer less sugar in the milkShe gets more income every month than her husband 形容词和副词的原级比较由“as+形容词或副词( 或后跟名词或短语)+as“ 构成， “asas前可加not，just ，almost，nearly，quite，twice，several times 等词修饰。否定式中 not 后面的 as 可改为 so。例如：Running for fifteen minutes wil
41、l burn as many calories as walking for thirty minutesHenan province is several times as large as ShanghaiJimmy has as nervous a ways peaking as his fatherGetting rid of a bad habit isnt so simple as taking it up形容词和副词的比较级形式为：“形容词(副词) 比较级+than+” ，应注意 than 前后相比较的人或物要一致。比较级前可以跟 even，much，still 等副词修饰比较级
42、，表示强调。例如：Mother worried much more about my younger brother than she did about meSound travels faster through water than throughI airThe economic development in South China is faster than that in North ChinaMy books are much more than Li Pings形容词和副词的最高级的形式分别为：“the+形容词最高级十名词+范围表达”和“副词最高级+名词+ 范围表达” ，副词
43、的比较级和最高级不需要加 the。例如：Our foreign exchange reserve didnt decline despite the worst flood in sixty yearsI finisbed the work more successfully than he had expected应注意以下表达式的含义：the sameas(和一样)，no less than(不少于) ，not less than(只有)，had better(最好 )，less than(不到)，more or less(或多或少) ，other than(除了)，rather than
44、(而不是) ，the morethe more/less(越就越)例如：I am sure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowedYou had better finisll your homework today for the teacher will collect it tomorrowWe have received ten dozen of personal computers which are less t
45、han the amount we orderedThe visltors to the exhibition were not less than three hundred，which disappointed them very much第三节 从句从句分为定语从句，状语从句和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种，由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句的某个成分。状语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及 there be 句型。1定语从句 限定性定语从句中 that 可代表人和事，而 which 只代表事；二者在
46、从句中作主语或宾语。that 作宾语时常可省略，which 则不能，而且其后的“不及物动词+介词 中的介词不能省略。which 作宾语时，先行词与 which 之间的介词不能省。例如：The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn 代表 a11，anything，something，nothing，much 等词时，用
47、that 而不用 which，that 作宾语可省略。例如：I care anything that has something to do with it Youd better do something he prefers to do to please him That is the last time we met each otherI came across the woman you told me about yesterdaywho 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句的主语和宾语。where 是关系副词，用于表示地点的定语从句，而 when 用来表示时间。who
48、se 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语。例如 :Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower legThe next morning, when she came down to breakfast , Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new，great disco
49、veryThe visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department在下列情况，限定性定语从句的关系代词可以省略：1)当关系代词在从句中作宾语或表语；或它们在从句中作介词的宾语，而该介词又在句末时；2)当先行词是 that，all，only，everything，something ，nothing 等代词时，或先行词前有一个最高级形容词修饰时；3) 当先行词前有 only，any，all，first，no，last 等修饰时，或先行词就是 time，moment，way(anyway)，direction ，distance 等名词时，关系代词即可省略。例如：The delegation we had been waiting for finally arrivedI met the wo
