1、虚拟语气 讲与练 Part I,虚拟语气,语气是表示说话人对说话内容的看法的一种语法范畴。英语中有陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实，有时甚至是与事实相反的空想等。此外在一些特殊的句型结构和非正式用语中要用虚拟语气。,虚拟语气有下面四种：,1. 非真实假设复合句：由主句和if引导的条件从句两部分构成。表达的概念是假设某种不存在的条件下可能会发生什么，假设的情况与事实相反或实现的可能性不大。这种句子也叫做纯粹的虚拟用法。按不同的时间概念可分三种：,If I knew that matte
2、r now, I would tell you. 如果我现在知道那件事，我就告诉你了。 If we had not made preparations, the meeting would not have been so successful. 如果我们没有做那样充分的准备，会议不可能会那样成功的。 If it were to / should rain, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雨，我就呆在家。 If I were a bird, I would fly to you immediately. If we had started early, we shoul
3、d have arrived at the destination earlier. If there should / were to be no air, plants would not grow.,这种类型虚拟句的一些特殊变化:,(1)主句的would可根据句子的意思换成should，might，could。而从句中的should却不能变化。If he had studied hard, he could have finished his assignment by then.Even if there had been no homework to do, the child sh
4、ould not have played video games.,(2)混合式的非真实条件句：条件从句和主句表达 的时间概念不一致，需要根据假设时间分别选用合适 的时态。 If I had not stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you would not be smiling now. (从句指过去，主句指现在) If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句表示过 去，主句表示现在) If I we
5、re you, I would have gone with them. (从句指现在或一般情况，主句指过去),3）if条件句的省略倒装形式：在书面语中，虚拟条件句可以不用if，而把谓语中的were，had或should移至主语前。 If I were you = Were I you, I would like to go with them. If I had been told the truth = Had I been told the truth, I would not have left. 4）引导从句的if有时可以换成provided(that), providing(tha
6、t), supposing(that),5）“如果没有”或“要不是因为”的虚拟语气表达方式： If it were not for = Were it not for (表示现在) If it had not been for = Had it not been for (表示过去) Were it not for the rain, we were playing football now. Had it not been for your help, I could not have finished the task so soon.,练习,1. My cat would not hav
7、e bitten the toy fish _ it was made of rubber.A) if she has known B) if she knew C) she should have known D) had she known,2. If it _ too much trouble, Id love a cup of tea. A) isnt B) wasnt C) were not D) hadnt been 3. If the earth suddenly _ spinning, we would all fly off it.A) stopped B) had stop
8、ped C) has stopped D) would stop 4. Im sorry Andy didnt want to go to the conference. _ willing to go we would have paid all his expenses.A) Being B) Was he C) Had he been D) Should he,5. Even if I had known her address, I _ time to write her.A) can not have had B) will not have hadC) must not have
9、had D) would not have had 6. _ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.A) It were not B) Had it not been C) Werent it D) Had not it been,7. _ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.A) Not being B) Had it not been C) Without being D) not having been 8. Jean doesn
10、t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably would not be able to see her friends very often.A) has to get B) were to get C) had got D) could have got,9. _ right now, she would get there on Sunday. A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left 10. _ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive,
